Jurnal Teknik Pertanian Lampung (Journal of Agricultural Engineering)

Effect of Salinity Stress on Plant Growth and Yield of Two Varieties of Soybean (Glycine max L.) in Saline Soil

Jeremia Setyo Laksono — 2025-09-24

This study aims to determine the response of soybean varieties tolerant to salinity stress and the impact of NaCl on the growth and yield of soybean. The study was completely designed randomly with two factors, repeated four times. First factor was NaCl concentration consisting of four levels (0; 2.5; 5; and 7.5 g/l), and second factor was soybean varieties (Wilis and Anjasmoro). The data obtained were analyzed using ANOVA followed by HSD test of 5%. Observation variables included plant height, number of leaves, number of productive branches, number of pods per plant, and weight of 100 seeds. Results showed that both NaCl concentration and soybean variety had no significant effect on plant height, number of pods, and weight of 100 seeds. The interaction of NaCl concentration and variety significantly affected the number of leaves and the number of productive branches. Results showed that Anjasmoro variety with no NaCl (0 g/l) treatment revealed the highest number of leaves, namely 5.50 strands. Whiles, the combination of 7.5 g/l NaCl and Wilis variety produced the highest productive branches, namely 4.25 branches. The results of this study are to provide information on the use of saline land in soybean plants by knowing the resistance of soybean varieties to salinity.

Characterization of Coating Flour Based on Local Timor Corn Flour Modified with the Addition of Rice Flour, Tapioca Flour, and Glutinous Rice Flour

Maria Susana Medho — 2025-09-24

The application of pure corn flour (100%) as coating material tends to generate a tough texture, thus requiring an alternative formulation to obtain a crispier result. This research aimed to evaluate the physical, chemical, and sensory characteristics, as well as to determine the optimal coating flour composition. The study was carried out using nine formulations, consisting of varying proportions (%) of corn flour, rice flour combined with tapioca flour, and glutinous rice flour. Formulas involved A (60:35:5), B (60:30:10), C (60:25:15), D (50:45:5), E (50:40:10), F (50:35:15), G (40:55:5), H (40:50:10), and I (40:45:15). The findings indicated that incorporating rice flour, tapioca and glutinous rice to the coating flour significantly affected the physical and chemical properties. The proportion of corn flour 50% by adding rice flour and tapioca 35%, glutinous rice flour 15% gave a higher panelist preference value for crispiness, which was 4.36. Glutinous rice flour was able to change the proportion of amylose and amylopectin so that the texture was crispy and not too hard when the product was cooled. The characteristics of the coating flour included viscosity value of 3.29mP, WHC 152.89%, OHC 107.53%, protein 4.50%, starch 69.41%, amylose 18.47%, and amylopectin 50.94%.

Optimization of Microwave Treatment to Improve Adsorption Properties of Porous Rice Starch

Elok Pawening Maharani — 2025-09-24

Porous starch (PS) is used in various foods as a flavoring, absorbent, and to protect vitamins and oils. Rice starch is processed to minimize the preparation time of PS, while simultaneously maintaining its adsorption efficiency. This study aims to optimize microwave treatment to improve the water, oil, and methylene blue adsorption capacity and PS yield of rice. This study used Response Surface Methodology (RSM) with Central Composite Design (CCD) to optimize the water, oil, and methylene blue adsorption capacity and PS yield of rice. Two factors were considered: time (X₁: 3-15 s) and power (X₂: 100-200 W/g). The statistical significance of the responses was evaluated using analysis of variance (ANOVA) at the 95% confidence level, with differences considered significant at p<0.05. Linear and quadratic models were the modes suggested by the software. Model analysis showed that microwave time and power significantly affected the adsorption properties. Based on the research results, the optimum conditions for making porous rice starch were obtained by using a microwave time of 15 s and a power of 171 W/g, resulting in a water absorption capacity of 96.34±2.93%, an oil absorption capacity of 142.85±0.94%, a methylene blue absorption capacity of 34.73±5.67%, and a yield of 95.26±3.23%.

Antioxidant Extraction from Pedada (Sonneratia caseolaris) with Pulsed Electric Field Pretreatment

Ayu Kartika — 2025-09-24

Pedada (Sonneratia caseolaris) has great potential as a source of natural antioxidants. The high antioxidant content in pedada fruit requires an appropriate extraction method so that the extracted antioxidant levels in pedada fruit can be maximally extracted. However, the extraction of active compounds from pedada fruit is often limited by the dense cell structure. Pedada fruit extraction can be done using a modified maceration method with Pulsed Electric Field (PEF) pretreatment, so as to shorten the extraction time and require less solvent in the process. It is expected that PEF can damage the cell structure and increase the solubility of antioxidant compounds in the solvent. The quality of the resulting extracts will be evaluated based on total phenol content, total flavonoids, free radical scavenging activity, and antioxidant compound profile. The best treatment was obtained based on antioxidant analysis of the extraction results, namely at a PEF time of 2 minutes with IC₅₀ DPPH values of 18 ppm, IC₅₀ FRAP 37 ppm, total phenol content of 434 mgGAE/L, and total flavonoid content of 120 mgQE/L.

Oil Extraction and Quality Stability of Crude Palm Oil Derived from Variations in Palm Fruit Ripeness

Ika Ucha Pradifta Rangkuti — 2025-09-24

Processing palm fruit produces crude palm oil. Crude palm oil levels continue to increase during the fruit ripening process. The parameters used in determining the maturity criteria for palm oil harvest are color change and fruit breaking off from the bunch. Harvest quality is determined by the mature fraction. One of the problems that occurs in palm oil factories is the selection of palm fruit bunches (FFB), which are divided into three classes, namely unripe, ripe and over ripe. Selection of FFB is done manually, namely visually. The quality of palm oil is greatly influenced by the level of ripeness of the fruit at the time of harvest and post-harvest handling until the mill. This research aims to evaluate the use of variations in palm fruit maturity used in PKS which are related to yield and quality as well as oxidative stability and color. The research results showed that the variation in palm fruit maturity used resulted in the highest yield, namely 17% in P2. The quality of crude palm oil obtained from variations in fruit maturity shows different results, where the highest free fatty acid content of 2.57% is located in P2, namely a mixture of ripe and overripe fruit, while the highest water content is found in P2, namely 0.65 %. P3 has the highest impurity content of 0.68%. The oxidative stability and color obtained from using variations in fruit maturity that were heated for 24 hours decreased in value to red and yellow

The Performance of Water Irrigation Control using Fuzzy-GA Approach

Muhamad Febrian Soambaton — 2025-09-24

Irrigation in agriculture uses around 70% of freshwater resources globally, but traditional systems often result in ineffective utilization through rigid schedules or skewed decision-making. This article proposes an improved fuzzy logic controller developed using a Genetic Algorithm (GA) to optimize soil moisture control. The GA optimizes the fuzzy membership functions within 50 generations to enhance irrigation efficiency. Simulation and experimental results show that the fuzzy-GA controller maintained soil moisture at values close to the desired value of 25.1% with lower error rates, saving 858 mL more water than manual irrigation and 16 mL more than conventional fuzzy control. The results confirm the potential of fuzzy-GA systems in optimizing irrigation efficiency and ensuring sustainable use of water in agriculture. The fuzzy-genetic algorithm (Fuzzy-GA) improves fuzzy logic control by maintaining soil moisture at a target level of 25.1%, with a very low steady-state error of 0.03783%.

Evaluation of Land Suitability for Sugar Cane Cultivation

Thariq Naufal Haq — 2025-09-24

Land suitability is an important aspect in land planning and management, especially to determine the potential of land to support various agricultural and forestry activities. This study aims to evaluate the land suitability in the UPN Veteran East Java State Defense Garden located in Wonosalam District, Jombang Regency. The methodology used in this study involves the analysis of various factors such as soil texture, slope, soil type, rainfall, and water availability. Data were collected through field observations, soil sampling, and literature reviews related to soil physical and chemical characteristics. The evaluation results showed that most of the garden area has good suitability for certain agricultural activities, with some areas requiring special handling to optimize land use. The main factors affecting land suitability in this area include varying slope gradients and organic matter content in the soil. Recommendations from the results of this evaluation include better soil management, including the application of soil conservation techniques, and the selection of plant types that are appropriate to the characteristics of the land. This study is expected to provide useful information for garden planning and management to achieve optimal and sustainable productivity.

Growth and Yield of Sweet Corn Hybrids Organically Grown During the Dry Season in the Midland with Monsoon Rainfall Pattern

Rike Faradilla — 2025-09-24

The comprehensive evaluation of sweet corn hybrids developed for organic production n needs to be conducted across different environmental conditions prior to their adoption by farmers. This study aimed to assess and compare the growth and yield of 17 sweet corn hybrids grown organically in a midland region characterized by a monsoon rainfall pattern. It was conducted during the dry season from July to October 2024 in Sumber Pakis Village, Pakis District, Malang Regency, East Java Province at an altitude of 550 m above sea level. The experiment was designed in a randomized complete block design with three replications and involved 17 sweet corn hybrids as the treatments. Data were collected for the plant growth performance and the ear yield characteristics. In general, the findings of the study suggest that the dry season that took place throughout the growing period led to drought stress, which negatively impacted the performances of sweet corn plants, including growth and ear yield characteristics of most of the hybrids evaluated. The exception was Caps 22 × Caps 23, which had the ability to maintain normal growth performance. Likewise, only Caps 2 × Caps 5, Caps 5 × Caps 17B, Caps 17B × Caps 23, Caps 22 × Caps 23, and Paragon still produced notable marketable ears.

Optimization of Spent Coffee Ground Extraction for Kombucha Production: Effect of Temperature on Fermentation Dynamics and Antioxidant Activity

Sri Hartini — 2025-09-24

The valorization of agro-industrial waste into functional beverages offers a sustainable approach to food processing. This study aimed to optimize the extraction temperature of spent coffee grounds for kombucha production and to evaluate its impact on fermentation dynamics and antioxidant activity. Spent coffee grounds were extracted at three different temperatures (30°C, 60°C, and 90°C) and fermented for 14 days using a symbiotic culture of bacteria and yeast (SCOBY) and kombucha broth. Key parameters monitored included pH, total soluble solids (°Brix), reducing sugars, total phenolic content, and antioxidant activity. Each treatment was repeated three times, and the data was processed using simple statistical analysis. Results showed that all samples experienced a decrease in pH (from 3.95 to 3.3) and dissolved solids (by 3.23°Brix), alongside an increase in reducing sugars (from 0.02–0.05 mg/mL to 0.43–0.56 mg/mL), indicating active microbial fermentation. The 90°C extract exhibited the highest total phenolic content (823.82 μg GAE/mL) on day 2 and antioxidant activity (82.11%) on day 14, outperforming the 60°C and 30°C extracts. These results underscore the role of thermal extraction in enhancing the functional qualities of coffee ground kombucha and highlight its potential as a promising candidate for upcycled functional beverage development.

Application of POC Addition to Nutrients and its Effect on Planting Direction in Lettuce Plants in Vertical Hexagonal Aeroponics

Muhammad Thoriqul Akbar — 2025-09-24

Aeroponics is cultivation that can produce lettuce optimally. This research aims to obtain the quality and quantity of lettuce using the vertical hexagonal aeroponics method with the influence of planting direction, sunlight and the addition of liquid organic fertilizer. This research used a factorial Randomized Group Design (RAK) and was repeated three times. The first factor is the Ab mix concentration and the second factor is the planting direction. The lettuce yield variables observed were plant length, number of leaves, harvest yield (root length, wet weight, dry weight) and organoleptic tests. The single factor of adding POC to nutrients influenced the variables wet weight, dry weight and root length, whereas the planting direction treatment only affected root length and the interaction of planting direction treatment and adding POC to nutrients affected organoleptic and stem variables. long. The root length parameters of 58.94 cm, wet weight of 90.59 grams, and dry weight of 8.40 grams are the best parameters if POC is added to nutrition, and treatment of northeastern plantings gives the highest root length, namely 68.73 cm.

Traction Performance Analysis of Three Models of Traction Device for Muddy Soil

Frandy Mey Syaputra — 2025-09-24

Muddy paddy fields cause the traction performance of conventional traction devices to be suboptimal. Research on the analysis of traction performance on various traction devices is needed. The objective of this research is to design, analyze traction performance, and determine the best design from three models of traction devices, i.e. 1) track type, 2) pedal type, and 3) screw type on deep muddy soil. The research method used in this study is experimental, testing the traction performance of the three models at soil bin in muddy soil conditions at 25 cm deep. The parameters measured during the traction performance test are slip, sinkage, and traction efficiency. The treatment used in this study is a vertical load ranging from 93.2 N to 222.7 N. The best traction device design was chosen using the Analytical Hierarchy Process method. The results show that the traction performance achieved the highest score in determining the best traction device design, with a score of 0.78 (track) for the minimum load, 0.83 (track) for the medium load, and 0.87 (track) for the maximum load. Therefore, the track design was ideal, scoring the highest across all parameters.

Application of Extreme Learning Machine (ELM) for Water Level Prediction in Krueng Peusangan River Basin (2014–2023)

Meri Aznita — 2025-09-24

The Krueng Peusangan Watershed in Aceh Province is highly vulnerable to flooding, with 20.39% of its area classified as flood-prone, particularly in Bireuen Regency. This study aims to develop a water level prediction model using the Extreme Learning Machine (ELM), a type of Artificial Neural Network known for its computational efficiency and ability to handle uncertainty in hydrological data. The model was trained using water level data from the Krueng Peusangan River from January 2014 to June 2023. The results show a Mean Squared Error (MSE) of 0.063, indicating high predictive accuracy. Compared to conventional methods, ELM delivers faster computation and better precision. This research contributes to the development of data-driven flood early warning systems, supports adaptive and sustainable water resource management, and offers potential for replication in other watersheds with similar characteristics. Furthermore, the model provides a scientific basis for formulating disaster risk reduction policies leveraging artificial intelligence technologies. The promising accuracy of ELM supports its potential integration into real-time flood early warning systems and long-term adaptive water resource management in vulnerable river basins.

Identification of Critical Land based on Land Damage Standard Criteria in Manten Sub Watershed, Malang City

Anisah Aprilia Garciah — 2025-09-24

Land is an important part of the watershed because it is where the hydrological process occurs. There are several problems that can lead to land damage, especially in the downstream area of the watershed, precisely in the Manten Sub-watershed because it has the potential to become critical land. Therefore, this research was conducted with the aim to overcome the existing problems, it is necessary to identify the standard of land degradation in the Manten Sub-Watershed area in accordance with PP No. 150 of 2002. Manten sub-watershed covers 4 sub-districts namely Wajak, Poncokusumo, Tajinan, and Bululawang. Land use in Manten sub-watershed is divided into 3, namely rice fields, kailyards and fields. Based on the results of the analysis of all land use in Manten Sub Watershed, all parameters that have been observed do not exceed the critical threshold criteria except for the redox parameter has a very low value of <200mV. However, this condition can still be improved with proper management such as improving soil aeration using the addition of organic materials so as to increase oxygen levels in the soil and increase redox values.

Morphophysiological Response of Edamame Soybean to Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) and Bioactive Compost Charcoal in Tidal Swamp Land

Shinta Rosalina — 2025-09-24

Edamame soybean cultivation in Indonesia has great potential due to its high nutritional value and increasing market demand. However, the current productivity remains low, thereby hindering commercial development. This study aimed to enhance the growth and yield of edamame soybean plants through the application of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) and bioactive compost charcoal on tidal swamp lands. The research was conducted using a split-plot design consisting of two AMF treatments and four levels of bioactive compost charcoal. The results indicated that the combination of AMF and bioactive compost charcoal significantly increased various growth parameters and yield. Although a dose of 10 ton/ha produced vegetative growth equivalent to that achieved by applying 15 ton/ha corn stalk compost, a dose of 15 ton/ha resulted in more optimal harvest outcomes, with pod numbers reaching 43.22 units per plant, pod weight of 91.67 g per plant, and pod weight of 1.545 kg per plot. Furthermore, the treatment also increased the percentage of AMF colonization in roots as well as phosphorus uptake, which contributed to the enhancement of plant productivity.

Evaluating Lumbricus rubellus Performance and Vermicompost Quality in Cow Manure–Mealworm Waste Mixtures

Tamara Putri Utami — 2025-09-24

This study examined the effect of adding mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) frass to cow manure media on the productivity of Lumbricus rubellus and the quality of the vermicompost. A completely randomized design was employed with six treatments (T0–T5), consisting of increasing proportions of frass: T0 (100% cow manure), T1 (95:5), T2 (90:10), T3 (85:15), T4 (80:20), and T5 (75:25). The T2 treatment yielded the highest earthworm biomass gain (4.95 g), cocoon production (87.94 cocoons), and media reduction (198.83 g), all statistically significant (p<0.05). Vermicompost from each treatment was assessed through a growth trial using Ipomoea reptans (water spinach) under eight media combinations (U0–U7): U0 (100% soil), U1 (soil + NPK), and U2–U7 (soil + vermicompost from T0–T5, respectively). Among these, U7 (incorporating vermicompost from T5) demonstrated the highest nutrient content (C-organic 41.51%, N 1.99%, P₂O₅ 1.99%, K₂O 1.47%) and significantly enhanced plant growth (p < 0.05). These findings indicate that moderate frass supplementation (10%) optimizes earthworm productivity, while higher inclusion levels (25%) improve vermicompost agronomic value. Thus, moderate frass addition is recommended to optimize vermicompost production and worm performance.

Application of Biopesticide with Active Ingredients Containing Trichoderma sp., Streptomyces sp., and Chitosan for Groundnut Aphid (Aphis craccivora Koch.)

Mochamad Bima Erdiansyah — 2025-09-24

Indonesia is the second largest exporter of peanuts to Europe. One of the export requirements is that exported peanuts do not contain pests and high levels of pesticides. Aphis craccivora Koch. is the main pest in peanuts and controlled generally using pesticides which cause high pesticide levels. The aim of this research is to determine the application technique for biopesticide containing enthomopathogen (Streptomyces sp. and Trichoderma sp.) and chitosan which were expected to control the population of the pest Aphis craccivora and the intensity of plant damage. The research was conducted and designed using factorial completely randomized design where the first factor was application time (before and after pest investment). The second factor was chitosan concentration of 0.6%, 0.9%, and 1.2% in potato-sugar extract solution. Each treatment combination was repeated 4 times. The results obtained that the pre-investment application technique with a chitosan concentration of 1.2% was more capable of incrasing the mortality of the pest A. craccivora by up to 70% and the application of biopesticide before investment with a concentration of 1.2% had a lower level of damage, namely 38.25%.

Estimation of Surface Water Potential in Manokwari Regency Using Remote Sensing Data

Arif Faisol — 2025-09-24

Water availability is major issue in Manokwari Regency, and information on its surface water potential has not yet been available. This study aimed to estimate the surface water potential in Manokwari using remote sensing data, namely EROS Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (eVIIRS) images acquired in August–September 2024 and Climate Hazards Group Infrared Precipitation with Stations (CHIRPS) data from 1981–2023. The analysis consisted of three main stages: data inventory, runoff coefficient estimation, and surface water potential calculation using the Melchior method. The results showed that the surface water potential in Manokwari was 2,018.70 m³/s at 99% probability and 4,148.60 m³/s at 80% probability. These values exceed the 2024 water demand, indicating that Manokwari is in a surplus water condition. The findings demonstrate the usefulness of satellite-based rainfall and land cover data for hydrological assessments in areas with limited ground observation stations.

Assessing the Water Quality Status Using the Pollution Index Approach – Case Study for Tiku Subwatershed, North Musi Rawas Regency

Alfirmansyah Alfirmansyah — 2025-09-24

Monitoring and assessment of water quality in subwatershed areas are essential to support sustainable watershed management, pollution control, and protection the aquatic ecosystems. This study aimed to assess the water quality status of the Tiku Subwatershed using the Pollution Index (PI) approach based on 12 key physicochemical parameters. Water samples were collected from three monitoring stations representing upstream, midstream, and downstream segments in September 2024. The analyzed parameters included dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), pH, and heavy metals. Laboratory analyses were carried out following standard procedures, and the PI was calculated according to the Decree of the Indonesian Minister of Environment No. 115 of 2003. The results showed that PI values ranged from 1.15 to 3.90, indicating that all sampling locations were classified as lightly polluted. These findings highlight the need for targeted pollution control measures, particularly in upstream and midstream areas, to maintain water quality and support the sustainable functioning of aquatic ecosystems in the Tiku Subwatershed.

Screening and Potential Testing of Metarhizium sp. Isolates for Controlling Lepidiota stigma (Fabricius) Larvae in Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.)

Hanik Sulistyawati — 2025-09-24

Lepidiota stigma is a major pest contributing to the decline in sugarcane quality in East Java, necessitating effective control measures that support sustainable agriculture. Metarhizium anisopliae is an entomopathogenic fungus that acts as a natural enemy of L. stigma and is expected to control its infestations. This study aims to evaluate the potential of isolated strains in killing the larvae and to identify the compounds produced by Metarhizium spp. The research involved exploration, morphological identification, virulence testing, and compound analysis. Isolate screening was conducted in two stages: the first stage involved screening 20 isolates down to 5 potential ones, and the second stage assessed the characteristics and effectiveness of these 5 isolates in controlling L. stigma larvae at spore concentrations of 10⁶, 10⁷, and 10⁸ spores/ml in vitro. The parameters observed were larval mortality and metabolite content, analyzed using LC-HRMS (Liquid Chromatography High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry). Metarhizium spp. isolated from soil exploration showed an effect on L. stigma mortality. The fungus produced secondary metabolites, including destruxins A4, E, and Ed1, which contributed to the mortality of L. stigma larvae.

Effect of Storage Duration and Seed Type on the Viability and Growth of Agave (Agave sisalana L. Perrine) from In Vitro Culture

Mala Murianingrum — 2025-09-24

Agave seeds have a relatively short lifespan, thus require appropriate storage methods to maintain their viability and germination capacity. This study aimed to identify the optimal combination of storage duration and seedling treatments to preserve seedling quality and growth performance of agave. The experiment was conducted in a factorial randomized complete design with three replications. Each experimental unit consisted of 10 plants. The first factor was storage duration (0, 21, and 35 days). The second factor was seedling treatments involving seeds with: (1) complete leaves and roots, (2) complete leaves and half roots, (3) top leaves and half roots, (4) complete leaves without roots, and (5) top leaves and no roots. The seedlings were stored in a greenhouse with average temperature 25.67 °C and relative humidity 82.92%. The observed parameters included weight loss, germination percentage, seedling height, number of leaves, leaf length and width, number and length of roots, and fresh weight after 45 days of planting. The results showed that storage duration and root or leaf trimming significantly affected seed viability and seedling growth. Storage for 21 days combined with full leaves and half roots produced the highest germination percentage, growth performance, and fresh weight. Agave seeds can be stored for up to 35 days while maintaining high viability, and different seed types stored for 35 days still exhibited 100% germination.