A Systematic Review of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL)-Producing Bacterial Species in Livestock in Indonesia

Abstract

Antimicrobial resistance is an escalating global threat, partly driven by the presence of bacteria producing extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs), which can hydrolyze broad-spectrum β-lactam antibiotics. The livestock sector represents a potential reservoir of ESBL-producing bacteria that can spread through the food chain, direct contact, and the environment. This study aimed to conduct a systematic literature review (SLR) on the occurrence of ESBL-producing bacteria in livestock in Indonesia, covering bacterial species, sample sources, detection methods, and reported ESBL genes. Literature searches were performed in PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar databases following PRISMA guidelines. The articles used were articles published within the period of 2016–2025. Of the 108 articles identified, 20 primary research articles met the inclusion criteria and were analyzed using qualitative descriptive methods. The SLR results indicated that poultry, particularly broiler chickens, were the most frequently reported livestock sources of ESBL-producing bacteria. The predominant bacterial species was Escherichia coli, followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae. The most commonly used detection methods were the DDST for phenotypic screening and PCR for genotypic confirmation. The most prevalent ESBL gene identified was blaCTX-M, followed by blaTEM and blaSHV. Most isolates also exhibited MDR characteristics. ESBL-producing bacteria are widely distributed among livestock in Indonesia and pose potential public health risks. Therefore, routine surveillance programs for ESBL-producing bacteria in poultry farms, standardization of DDST- and PCR-based detection methods, stricter monitoring of antibiotic use, and improved farm biosecurity are required to reduce the spread of MDR ESBL-producing bacteria in livestock in Indonesia.