Jurnal Teknik Pertanian Lampung (Journal of Agricultural Engineering)

Preface October 2025

2025-10-30T05:29:22+00:00

Effect of Salinity Stress on Plant Growth and Yield of Two Varieties of Soybean (Glycine max L.) in Saline Soil

2025-01-18T23:31:55+00:00

This study aims to determine the response of soybean varieties tolerant to salinity stress and the impact of NaCl on the growth and yield of soybean. The study was completely designed randomly with two factors, repeated four times. First factor was NaCl concentration consisting of four levels (0; 2.5; 5; and 7.5 g/l), and second factor was soybean varieties (Wilis and Anjasmoro). The data obtained were analyzed using ANOVA followed by HSD test of 5%. Observation variables included plant height, number of leaves, number of productive branches, number of pods per plant, and weight of 100 seeds. Results showed that both NaCl concentration and soybean variety had no significant effect on plant height, number of pods, and weight of 100 seeds. The interaction of NaCl concentration and variety significantly affected the number of leaves and the number of productive branches. Results showed that Anjasmoro variety with no NaCl (0 g/l) treatment revealed the highest number of leaves, namely 5.50 strands. Whiles, the combination of 7.5 g/l NaCl and Wilis variety produced the highest productive branches, namely 4.25 branches. The results of this study are to provide information on the use of saline land in soybean plants by knowing the resistance of soybean varieties to salinity.

Characterization of Coating Flour Based on Local Timor Corn Flour Modified with the Addition of Rice Flour, Tapioca Flour, and Glutinous Rice Flour

2025-04-08T15:31:24+00:00

The application of pure corn flour (100%) as coating material tends to generate a tough texture, thus requiring an alternative formulation to obtain a crispier result. This research aimed to evaluate the physical, chemical, and sensory characteristics, as well as to determine the optimal coating flour composition. The study was carried out using nine formulations, consisting of varying proportions (%) of corn flour, rice flour combined with tapioca flour, and glutinous rice flour. Formulas involved A (60:35:5), B (60:30:10), C (60:25:15), D (50:45:5), E (50:40:10), F (50:35:15), G (40:55:5), H (40:50:10), and I (40:45:15). The findings indicated that incorporating rice flour, tapioca and glutinous rice to the coating flour significantly affected the physical and chemical properties. The proportion of corn flour 50% by adding rice flour and tapioca 35%, glutinous rice flour 15% gave a higher panelist preference value for crispiness, which was 4.36. Glutinous rice flour was able to change the proportion of amylose and amylopectin so that the texture was crispy and not too hard when the product was cooled. The characteristics of the coating flour included viscosity value of 3.29mP, WHC 152.89%, OHC 107.53%, protein 4.50%, starch 69.41%, amylose 18.47%, and amylopectin 50.94%.

Optimization of Microwave Treatment to Improve Adsorption Properties of Porous Rice Starch

2025-05-30T07:02:45+00:00

Porous starch (PS) is used in various foods as a flavoring, absorbent, and to protect vitamins and oils. Rice starch is processed to minimize the preparation time of PS, while simultaneously maintaining its adsorption efficiency. This study aims to optimize microwave treatment to improve the water, oil, and methylene blue adsorption capacity and PS yield of rice. This study used Response Surface Methodology (RSM) with Central Composite Design (CCD) to optimize the water, oil, and methylene blue adsorption capacity and PS yield of rice. Two factors were considered: time (X₁: 3-15 s) and power (X₂: 100-200 W/g). The statistical significance of the responses was evaluated using analysis of variance (ANOVA) at the 95% confidence level, with differences considered significant at p<0.05. Linear and quadratic models were the modes suggested by the software. Model analysis showed that microwave time and power significantly affected the adsorption properties. Based on the research results, the optimum conditions for making porous rice starch were obtained by using a microwave time of 15 s and a power of 171 W/g, resulting in a water absorption capacity of 96.34±2.93%, an oil absorption capacity of 142.85±0.94%, a methylene blue absorption capacity of 34.73±5.67%, and a yield of 95.26±3.23%.

Antioxidant Extraction from Pedada (Sonneratia caseolaris) with Pulsed Electric Field Pretreatment

2025-02-13T05:44:42+00:00

Pedada (Sonneratia caseolaris) has great potential as a source of natural antioxidants. The high antioxidant content in pedada fruit requires an appropriate extraction method so that the extracted antioxidant levels in pedada fruit can be maximally extracted. However, the extraction of active compounds from pedada fruit is often limited by the dense cell structure. Pedada fruit extraction can be done using a modified maceration method with Pulsed Electric Field (PEF) pretreatment, so as to shorten the extraction time and require less solvent in the process. It is expected that PEF can damage the cell structure and increase the solubility of antioxidant compounds in the solvent. The quality of the resulting extracts will be evaluated based on total phenol content, total flavonoids, free radical scavenging activity, and antioxidant compound profile. The best treatment was obtained based on antioxidant analysis of the extraction results, namely at a PEF time of 2 minutes with IC₅₀ DPPH values of 18 ppm, IC₅₀ FRAP 37 ppm, total phenol content of 434 mgGAE/L, and total flavonoid content of 120 mgQE/L.

Oil Extraction and Quality Stability of Crude Palm Oil Derived from Variations in Palm Fruit Ripeness

2024-09-25T23:09:02+00:00

Processing palm fruit produces crude palm oil. Crude palm oil levels continue to increase during the fruit ripening process. The parameters used in determining the maturity criteria for palm oil harvest are color change and fruit breaking off from the bunch. Harvest quality is determined by the mature fraction. One of the problems that occurs in palm oil factories is the selection of palm fruit bunches (FFB), which are divided into three classes, namely unripe, ripe and over ripe. Selection of FFB is done manually, namely visually. The quality of palm oil is greatly influenced by the level of ripeness of the fruit at the time of harvest and post-harvest handling until the mill. This research aims to evaluate the use of variations in palm fruit maturity used in PKS which are related to yield and quality as well as oxidative stability and color. The research results showed that the variation in palm fruit maturity used resulted in the highest yield, namely 17% in P2. The quality of crude palm oil obtained from variations in fruit maturity shows different results, where the highest free fatty acid content of 2.57% is located in P2, namely a mixture of ripe and overripe fruit, while the highest water content is found in P2, namely 0.65 %. P3 has the highest impurity content of 0.68%. The oxidative stability and color obtained from using variations in fruit maturity that were heated for 24 hours decreased in value to red and yellow

The Performance of Water Irrigation Control using Fuzzy-GA Approach

2025-04-25T00:04:36+00:00

Irrigation in agriculture uses around 70% of freshwater resources globally, but traditional systems often result in ineffective utilization through rigid schedules or skewed decision-making. This article proposes an improved fuzzy logic controller developed using a Genetic Algorithm (GA) to optimize soil moisture control. The GA optimizes the fuzzy membership functions within 50 generations to enhance irrigation efficiency. Simulation and experimental results show that the fuzzy-GA controller maintained soil moisture at values close to the desired value of 25.1% with lower error rates, saving 858 mL more water than manual irrigation and 16 mL more than conventional fuzzy control. The results confirm the potential of fuzzy-GA systems in optimizing irrigation efficiency and ensuring sustainable use of water in agriculture. The fuzzy-genetic algorithm (Fuzzy-GA) improves fuzzy logic control by maintaining soil moisture at a target level of 25.1%, with a very low steady-state error of 0.03783%.

Evaluation of Land Suitability for Sugar Cane Cultivation

2025-03-20T03:39:28+00:00

Land suitability is an important aspect in land planning and management, especially to determine the potential of land to support various agricultural and forestry activities. This study aims to evaluate the land suitability in the UPN Veteran East Java State Defense Garden located in Wonosalam District, Jombang Regency. The methodology used in this study involves the analysis of various factors such as soil texture, slope, soil type, rainfall, and water availability. Data were collected through field observations, soil sampling, and literature reviews related to soil physical and chemical characteristics. The evaluation results showed that most of the garden area has good suitability for certain agricultural activities, with some areas requiring special handling to optimize land use. The main factors affecting land suitability in this area include varying slope gradients and organic matter content in the soil. Recommendations from the results of this evaluation include better soil management, including the application of soil conservation techniques, and the selection of plant types that are appropriate to the characteristics of the land. This study is expected to provide useful information for garden planning and management to achieve optimal and sustainable productivity.

Growth and Yield of Sweet Corn Hybrids Organically Grown During the Dry Season in the Midland with Monsoon Rainfall Pattern

2025-07-25T07:47:44+00:00

The comprehensive evaluation of sweet corn hybrids developed for organic production n needs to be conducted across different environmental conditions prior to their adoption by farmers. This study aimed to assess and compare the growth and yield of 17 sweet corn hybrids grown organically in a midland region characterized by a monsoon rainfall pattern. It was conducted during the dry season from July to October 2024 in Sumber Pakis Village, Pakis District, Malang Regency, East Java Province at an altitude of 550 m above sea level. The experiment was designed in a randomized complete block design with three replications and involved 17 sweet corn hybrids as the treatments. Data were collected for the plant growth performance and the ear yield characteristics. In general, the findings of the study suggest that the dry season that took place throughout the growing period led to drought stress, which negatively impacted the performances of sweet corn plants, including growth and ear yield characteristics of most of the hybrids evaluated. The exception was Caps 22 × Caps 23, which had the ability to maintain normal growth performance. Likewise, only Caps 2 × Caps 5, Caps 5 × Caps 17B, Caps 17B × Caps 23, Caps 22 × Caps 23, and Paragon still produced notable marketable ears.

Optimization of Spent Coffee Ground Extraction for Kombucha Production: Effect of Temperature on Fermentation Dynamics and Antioxidant Activity

2025-06-23T10:02:28+00:00

The valorization of agro-industrial waste into functional beverages offers a sustainable approach to food processing. This study aimed to optimize the extraction temperature of spent coffee grounds for kombucha production and to evaluate its impact on fermentation dynamics and antioxidant activity. Spent coffee grounds were extracted at three different temperatures (30°C, 60°C, and 90°C) and fermented for 14 days using a symbiotic culture of bacteria and yeast (SCOBY) and kombucha broth. Key parameters monitored included pH, total soluble solids (°Brix), reducing sugars, total phenolic content, and antioxidant activity. Each treatment was repeated three times, and the data was processed using simple statistical analysis. Results showed that all samples experienced a decrease in pH (from 3.95 to 3.3) and dissolved solids (by 3.23°Brix), alongside an increase in reducing sugars (from 0.02–0.05 mg/mL to 0.43–0.56 mg/mL), indicating active microbial fermentation. The 90°C extract exhibited the highest total phenolic content (823.82 μg GAE/mL) on day 2 and antioxidant activity (82.11%) on day 14, outperforming the 60°C and 30°C extracts. These results underscore the role of thermal extraction in enhancing the functional qualities of coffee ground kombucha and highlight its potential as a promising candidate for upcycled functional beverage development.

Application of POC Addition to Nutrients and its Effect on Planting Direction in Lettuce Plants in Vertical Hexagonal Aeroponics

2025-01-24T08:08:02+00:00

Aeroponics is cultivation that can produce lettuce optimally. This research aims to obtain the quality and quantity of lettuce using the vertical hexagonal aeroponics method with the influence of planting direction, sunlight and the addition of liquid organic fertilizer. This research used a factorial Randomized Group Design (RAK) and was repeated three times. The first factor is the Ab mix concentration and the second factor is the planting direction. The lettuce yield variables observed were plant length, number of leaves, harvest yield (root length, wet weight, dry weight) and organoleptic tests. The single factor of adding POC to nutrients influenced the variables wet weight, dry weight and root length, whereas the planting direction treatment only affected root length and the interaction of planting direction treatment and adding POC to nutrients affected organoleptic and stem variables. long. The root length parameters of 58.94 cm, wet weight of 90.59 grams, and dry weight of 8.40 grams are the best parameters if POC is added to nutrition, and treatment of northeastern plantings gives the highest root length, namely 68.73 cm.

Traction Performance Analysis of Three Models of Traction Device for Muddy Soil

2024-12-26T09:55:45+00:00

Muddy paddy fields cause the traction performance of conventional traction devices to be suboptimal. Research on the analysis of traction performance on various traction devices is needed. The objective of this research is to design, analyze traction performance, and determine the best design from three models of traction devices, i.e. 1) track type, 2) pedal type, and 3) screw type on deep muddy soil. The research method used in this study is experimental, testing the traction performance of the three models at soil bin in muddy soil conditions at 25 cm deep. The parameters measured during the traction performance test are slip, sinkage, and traction efficiency. The treatment used in this study is a vertical load ranging from 93.2 N to 222.7 N. The best traction device design was chosen using the Analytical Hierarchy Process method. The results show that the traction performance achieved the highest score in determining the best traction device design, with a score of 0.78 (track) for the minimum load, 0.83 (track) for the medium load, and 0.87 (track) for the maximum load. Therefore, the track design was ideal, scoring the highest across all parameters.

Application of Extreme Learning Machine (ELM) for Water Level Prediction in Krueng Peusangan River Basin (2014–2023)

2025-06-27T02:18:19+00:00

The Krueng Peusangan Watershed in Aceh Province is highly vulnerable to flooding, with 20.39% of its area classified as flood-prone, particularly in Bireuen Regency. This study aims to develop a water level prediction model using the Extreme Learning Machine (ELM), a type of Artificial Neural Network known for its computational efficiency and ability to handle uncertainty in hydrological data. The model was trained using water level data from the Krueng Peusangan River from January 2014 to June 2023. The results show a Mean Squared Error (MSE) of 0.063, indicating high predictive accuracy. Compared to conventional methods, ELM delivers faster computation and better precision. This research contributes to the development of data-driven flood early warning systems, supports adaptive and sustainable water resource management, and offers potential for replication in other watersheds with similar characteristics. Furthermore, the model provides a scientific basis for formulating disaster risk reduction policies leveraging artificial intelligence technologies. The promising accuracy of ELM supports its potential integration into real-time flood early warning systems and long-term adaptive water resource management in vulnerable river basins.

Identification of Critical Land based on Land Damage Standard Criteria in Manten Sub Watershed, Malang City

2025-01-21T12:47:34+00:00

Land is an important part of the watershed because it is where the hydrological process occurs. There are several problems that can lead to land damage, especially in the downstream area of the watershed, precisely in the Manten Sub-watershed because it has the potential to become critical land. Therefore, this research was conducted with the aim to overcome the existing problems, it is necessary to identify the standard of land degradation in the Manten Sub-Watershed area in accordance with PP No. 150 of 2002. Manten sub-watershed covers 4 sub-districts namely Wajak, Poncokusumo, Tajinan, and Bululawang. Land use in Manten sub-watershed is divided into 3, namely rice fields, kailyards and fields. Based on the results of the analysis of all land use in Manten Sub Watershed, all parameters that have been observed do not exceed the critical threshold criteria except for the redox parameter has a very low value of <200mV. However, this condition can still be improved with proper management such as improving soil aeration using the addition of organic materials so as to increase oxygen levels in the soil and increase redox values.

Morphophysiological Response of Edamame Soybean to Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) and Bioactive Compost Charcoal in Tidal Swamp Land

2025-04-09T23:31:01+00:00

Edamame soybean cultivation in Indonesia has great potential due to its high nutritional value and increasing market demand. However, the current productivity remains low, thereby hindering commercial development. This study aimed to enhance the growth and yield of edamame soybean plants through the application of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) and bioactive compost charcoal on tidal swamp lands. The research was conducted using a split-plot design consisting of two AMF treatments and four levels of bioactive compost charcoal. The results indicated that the combination of AMF and bioactive compost charcoal significantly increased various growth parameters and yield. Although a dose of 10 ton/ha produced vegetative growth equivalent to that achieved by applying 15 ton/ha corn stalk compost, a dose of 15 ton/ha resulted in more optimal harvest outcomes, with pod numbers reaching 43.22 units per plant, pod weight of 91.67 g per plant, and pod weight of 1.545 kg per plot. Furthermore, the treatment also increased the percentage of AMF colonization in roots as well as phosphorus uptake, which contributed to the enhancement of plant productivity.

Evaluating Lumbricus rubellus Performance and Vermicompost Quality in Cow Manure–Mealworm Waste Mixtures

2025-05-29T00:39:59+00:00

This study examined the effect of adding mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) frass to cow manure media on the productivity of Lumbricus rubellus and the quality of the vermicompost. A completely randomized design was employed with six treatments (T0–T5), consisting of increasing proportions of frass: T0 (100% cow manure), T1 (95:5), T2 (90:10), T3 (85:15), T4 (80:20), and T5 (75:25). The T2 treatment yielded the highest earthworm biomass gain (4.95 g), cocoon production (87.94 cocoons), and media reduction (198.83 g), all statistically significant (p<0.05). Vermicompost from each treatment was assessed through a growth trial using Ipomoea reptans (water spinach) under eight media combinations (U0–U7): U0 (100% soil), U1 (soil + NPK), and U2–U7 (soil + vermicompost from T0–T5, respectively). Among these, U7 (incorporating vermicompost from T5) demonstrated the highest nutrient content (C-organic 41.51%, N 1.99%, P₂O₅ 1.99%, K₂O 1.47%) and significantly enhanced plant growth (p < 0.05). These findings indicate that moderate frass supplementation (10%) optimizes earthworm productivity, while higher inclusion levels (25%) improve vermicompost agronomic value. Thus, moderate frass addition is recommended to optimize vermicompost production and worm performance.

Application of Biopesticide with Active Ingredients Containing Trichoderma sp., Streptomyces sp., and Chitosan for Groundnut Aphid (Aphis craccivora Koch.)

2025-02-12T03:56:08+00:00

Indonesia is the second largest exporter of peanuts to Europe. One of the export requirements is that exported peanuts do not contain pests and high levels of pesticides. Aphis craccivora Koch. is the main pest in peanuts and controlled generally using pesticides which cause high pesticide levels. The aim of this research is to determine the application technique for biopesticide containing enthomopathogen (Streptomyces sp. and Trichoderma sp.) and chitosan which were expected to control the population of the pest Aphis craccivora and the intensity of plant damage. The research was conducted and designed using factorial completely randomized design where the first factor was application time (before and after pest investment). The second factor was chitosan concentration of 0.6%, 0.9%, and 1.2% in potato-sugar extract solution. Each treatment combination was repeated 4 times. The results obtained that the pre-investment application technique with a chitosan concentration of 1.2% was more capable of incrasing the mortality of the pest A. craccivora by up to 70% and the application of biopesticide before investment with a concentration of 1.2% had a lower level of damage, namely 38.25%.

Estimation of Surface Water Potential in Manokwari Regency Using Remote Sensing Data

2025-07-29T01:36:31+00:00

Water availability is major issue in Manokwari Regency, and information on its surface water potential has not yet been available. This study aimed to estimate the surface water potential in Manokwari using remote sensing data, namely EROS Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (eVIIRS) images acquired in August–September 2024 and Climate Hazards Group Infrared Precipitation with Stations (CHIRPS) data from 1981–2023. The analysis consisted of three main stages: data inventory, runoff coefficient estimation, and surface water potential calculation using the Melchior method. The results showed that the surface water potential in Manokwari was 2,018.70 m³/s at 99% probability and 4,148.60 m³/s at 80% probability. These values exceed the 2024 water demand, indicating that Manokwari is in a surplus water condition. The findings demonstrate the usefulness of satellite-based rainfall and land cover data for hydrological assessments in areas with limited ground observation stations.

Assessing the Water Quality Status Using the Pollution Index Approach – Case Study for Tiku Subwatershed, North Musi Rawas Regency

2025-07-29T07:58:42+00:00

Monitoring and assessment of water quality in subwatershed areas are essential to support sustainable watershed management, pollution control, and protection the aquatic ecosystems. This study aimed to assess the water quality status of the Tiku Subwatershed using the Pollution Index (PI) approach based on 12 key physicochemical parameters. Water samples were collected from three monitoring stations representing upstream, midstream, and downstream segments in September 2024. The analyzed parameters included dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), pH, and heavy metals. Laboratory analyses were carried out following standard procedures, and the PI was calculated according to the Decree of the Indonesian Minister of Environment No. 115 of 2003. The results showed that PI values ranged from 1.15 to 3.90, indicating that all sampling locations were classified as lightly polluted. These findings highlight the need for targeted pollution control measures, particularly in upstream and midstream areas, to maintain water quality and support the sustainable functioning of aquatic ecosystems in the Tiku Subwatershed.

Screening and Potential Testing of Metarhizium sp. Isolates for Controlling Lepidiota stigma (Fabricius) Larvae in Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.)

2025-06-11T15:47:04+00:00

Lepidiota stigma is a major pest contributing to the decline in sugarcane quality in East Java, necessitating effective control measures that support sustainable agriculture. Metarhizium anisopliae is an entomopathogenic fungus that acts as a natural enemy of L. stigma and is expected to control its infestations. This study aims to evaluate the potential of isolated strains in killing the larvae and to identify the compounds produced by Metarhizium spp. The research involved exploration, morphological identification, virulence testing, and compound analysis. Isolate screening was conducted in two stages: the first stage involved screening 20 isolates down to 5 potential ones, and the second stage assessed the characteristics and effectiveness of these 5 isolates in controlling L. stigma larvae at spore concentrations of 10⁶, 10⁷, and 10⁸ spores/ml in vitro. The parameters observed were larval mortality and metabolite content, analyzed using LC-HRMS (Liquid Chromatography High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry). Metarhizium spp. isolated from soil exploration showed an effect on L. stigma mortality. The fungus produced secondary metabolites, including destruxins A4, E, and Ed1, which contributed to the mortality of L. stigma larvae.

Effect of Storage Duration and Seed Type on the Viability and Growth of Agave (Agave sisalana L. Perrine) from In Vitro Culture

2025-07-22T01:16:21+00:00

Agave seeds have a relatively short lifespan, thus require appropriate storage methods to maintain their viability and germination capacity. This study aimed to identify the optimal combination of storage duration and seedling treatments to preserve seedling quality and growth performance of agave. The experiment was conducted in a factorial randomized complete design with three replications. Each experimental unit consisted of 10 plants. The first factor was storage duration (0, 21, and 35 days). The second factor was seedling treatments involving seeds with: (1) complete leaves and roots, (2) complete leaves and half roots, (3) top leaves and half roots, (4) complete leaves without roots, and (5) top leaves and no roots. The seedlings were stored in a greenhouse with average temperature 25.67 °C and relative humidity 82.92%. The observed parameters included weight loss, germination percentage, seedling height, number of leaves, leaf length and width, number and length of roots, and fresh weight after 45 days of planting. The results showed that storage duration and root or leaf trimming significantly affected seed viability and seedling growth. Storage for 21 days combined with full leaves and half roots produced the highest germination percentage, growth performance, and fresh weight. Agave seeds can be stored for up to 35 days while maintaining high viability, and different seed types stored for 35 days still exhibited 100% germination.

Land Suitability Analysis for Peanut (Arachis hypogea) Farming in World Heritage Conservation Area Sangiran

2025-05-20T03:39:51+00:00

Sangiran Archaeological Site was conservation area protected by national and inter-national regulations. Sangiran Site, however, was an open site inhabited by people commonly working as farmer cultivating food crops and horticulture. During dry season, most farmers generally cultivate peanut. This study aims to determine the suitability of land in the Sangiran area for peanut cultivation. The study was conducted by analyzing soil samples taken from several locations at the Sangiran site: Blue Clay and Black Clay from the Pucangan formation in Pablengan Village, and Kabuh soil from around the Sangiran Triangulation Monument. The results from 3 sampling areas showed that the score of Black Clay area 2.13 mean "unhealthy soil" for peanut farming. The Blue Clay area showed the score about 1.87 also mean that "unhealthy soil" for peanut farming. Kabuh formation area showed the score about 2.97 mean that "marginal health" for peanut farming. Overall the score of Sangiran areas mean that the soil belongs to "very bad" quality for peanut cultivation.

Humic Silica for Optimising Soil Phosphorus Availability and Phosphorus Uptake by Maize Plants on Industrial Contaminated Lands

2025-03-03T10:04:14+00:00

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of humic-silica application on P availability and P uptake by corn in land contaminated with heavy metals. The experiment was arranged in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with two treatment factors. The first factor consisted of three industrial locations: the pharmaceutical industry, the animal feed industry, and the paper industry. The second factor consisted of four levels of humic-silica application (in kg/ha): 0, 10, 20, and 30. Observations were made at the age of 14 and 70 days after planting (DAP). The parameters included soil organic carbon, Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC), soil P-available, and total P uptake by corn plants. Results showed that the humic-silica application at 20 kg/ha had a significant effect on P-available and P uptake by corn plants. This positive effect was consistent in the three industrial locations, both in 14 DAP and 70 DAP observations. These findings indicate that the use of humic-silica at 20 kg/ha has potential to reduce the negative impacts of heavy metal pollution on the availability of plant nutrients in industrial lands. This study provides insight into strategies for managing industrially contaminated lands to increase agricultural productivity, especially in terms of increasing the availability and absorption of phosphorus by corn plants.

Evaluation of the Suitability of Irrigated Paddy Fields (Oryza sativa L.) in the Kelingi Irrigation Area, Tugumulyo District, Musi Rawas Regency

2025-07-04T02:41:43+00:00

Rice is a strategic staple food whose productivity is influenced by land suitability. This study aims to determine the level of land suitability class for irrigated lowland rice (Oryza sativa L.) in the Kelingi Irrigation Area, Tugumulyo District, Musi Rawas Regency. The study was conducted using a survey method that refers to the level of limiting factors reviewed from land characteristics. Data from field observations and laboratory analysis data were matched with the criteria for land suitability classes for irrigated lowland rice. The actual land suitability class for lowland rice crops is moderately suitable (S2) covering an area of 5,225 ha (51.41%), marginally suitable (S3) covering an area of 4,626 ha (45.52%), while marginally suitable (S3) with a slope of >8% covering an area of 312 ha (3.07%) is recommended for annual crops. The main limiting factors are water availability, land slope class and soil fertility. The limiting factor of soil fertility, still allows for further improvement of its suitability class, by providing balanced fertilizer and to increase the soil pH, agricultural lime can be provided (low input), to overcome the slope of the land, light terracing can be made (medium input), while to overcome water shortages, irrigation channels can be built/rehabilitated.

Application of Solar Energy for Coconut Grating Machine in Rural Areas

2025-07-02T13:29:24+00:00

Manual processing of coconut and the expensive gasoline force farmers to sell copra at low prices. This study explores the potential use of solar energy for operating coconut grating machines. The experiment utilized a 100 Wp solar panel to run a coconut grating machine driven using ¼ HP electric motor. The observation parameters included solar irradiance, power, voltage, current, battery charging duration, and energy efficiency. The results indicate that a 100 Wp solar panel is insufficient to meet the power requirements of the 186 W electric motor. Therefore, adding at least two solar panels and increasing the battery capacity must meet the machine's operational requirements. The battery charging time, until complete, is recorded at 16 h. Without the support of solar panels, the battery can operate the machine for 3 to 4 h. Meanwhile, when the battery is recharged while the machine operates with the solar panel system, the operating duration can reach 6 to 7 h. Therefore, solar energy demonstrates great potential as a renewable energy solution that can be utilized in the agricultural processing process in rural areas in a sustainable and environmentally friendly manner. Testing of the coconut grating machine powered by solar energy, supported by a 12V 100Ah battery and a 1/4 HP motor, showed that it can operate for approximately 3.8 h in a single work cycle. With a grating duration of 2.6 min per coconut, the system can grate up to approximately 87 coconuts per operational cycle.

Analysis of Soil Erodibility Value Using the Wischmeier-Smith Method

2025-03-29T01:37:54+00:00

Soil erodibility is an important factor in determining soil loss. The objective of this study was to evaluate the soil erodibility value based on the Wischmeier-Smith Method. The study was carried out in Jatiarjo Village, Prigen District, Pasuruan Regency, at four land use units (LUU), including Mounts (MO), Mixed Garden (MI), Monoculture Garden (MG), and Shrubs (SR). Wischmeier-Smith algorithm was used to determine the erodibility values and classification. Results showed that shrub was identified as the land use with the highest potential for erosion and erodibility value. The correlation between clay fraction and erodibility has a negative value wit r = -0.76, while other fractions had r value < 0.5. This implied that the clay fraction and soil erodibility have an inverse relationship, where each increase in the clay fraction value will be followed by a decrease in the erodibility value. One way to reduce soil erodibility is to increase plant diversity on the land. Apart from adding organic matter, a variety of plants also have roots that are able to bind soil aggregates and help absorb water into the soil, thereby reducing water flow on the surface. If conservation is not taken seriously, it can undoubtedly result in.

Assessment of Soil and Water Conservation Potential Using Vetiver Crops (Chrysopogon zizanioides) as a Nature-Based Solution for Watershed Restoration

2025-07-26T09:30:55+00:00

Watersheds play an important role in the hydrological cycle to ensure water availability and support food security. Currently, many watersheds are experiencing degradation due to excessive agricultural practices without the implementation of soil and water conservation measures. This study aims to assess the potential of Vetiver crops (Chrysopogon zizanioides L.) for soil and water conservation as a nature-based solution for watershed protection.n. This research use Geographic Information System (ArcGIS) tools to analyze land suitability for Vetiver cultivation. A multi-criteria evaluation approach was applied using a scoring system based on key environmental indicators including rainfall, temperature, slope gradient, land use type, soil type, and organic matter content. The results indicate that most of the study area was classified as moderately suitable (61.98%) and marginally suitable (38.00%) for vetiver plants, with only 0.01% falling into the highly suitable and not suitable categories, respectively. The integration of spatial analysis and environmental indicators allowed for the identification of priority areas where Vetiver could be effectively implemented to enhance watershed resilience, mitigate erosion, and support sustainable land management. The finding of this study provides a reference for vegetation method development using crops with economic value which is suitable for tropical areas.

The Effect of Drying and Roasting Times on Sensory and Physicochemical Characteristics of Ground Roasted Coconut

2025-07-16T03:33:34+00:00

Ground roasted coconut is used as a cooking spice, especially in Aceh, with distinctive aroma and fragrant taste. This study aimed to examine the effect of drying time and roasting time on the sensory and physicochemical characteristics of roasted coconut. This research was designed with two treatment factors in triplicate. First factor was the drying time (1, 3, and 5 h), and second factor was roasting time (5 and 10 min). The results showed that drying time has a significant effect on the aroma, color, taste, and air content. The longer the drying time, the higher the sensory characteristics: aroma, color, and taste of ground roasted coconut, but the percentage of water content of the roasted coconut produced is lower. The roasting time also affected the taste and aroma of ground roasted coconut. The longer the roasting process, the higher the sensory characteristics of the taste and aroma of ground roasted coconut. The interaction of drying time and roasting time only has an effect on the sensory taste of ground roasted coconut. Drying time and roasting time did not significantly affectted on fat content and free fatty acid content, both of these parameters are more influenced by other factors, such as drying temperature, harvest age and coconut quality.

Chili Ripeness Level Detection with YOLOv8 and Fuzzy Logic for Harvest Decision Making

2025-07-03T01:54:57+00:00

Conventional chili harvesting relies on subjective human judgment, resulting in inconsistencies that necessitate a computer vision-based automation system. This study develops a decision support system integrating YOLOv8 for object detection and Mamdani fuzzy logic to assess chili ripeness levels. The YOLOv8 model was trained on 5,598 annotated chili images divided into three ripeness categories: ripe, unripe, and defective (rotten, diseased, or physically damaged), using an 80:20 training-testing split. YOLOv8 classification results serve as inputs to a fuzzy inference system that outputs three linguistic harvest decisions: delay, partial, or full harvest. Experimental evaluation indicates that YOLOv8 achieved 91.2% accuracy, 89.6% precision, and 87.3% recall on the test set. The fuzzy logic system obtained 88% accuracy in harvest decision-making on unseen data, demonstrating output consistency across repeated inferences. Overlapping triangular membership functions enable the fuzzy system to manage intra-class variations and image noise, thereby improving adaptability. These results confirm the feasibility of integrating YOLOv8 and fuzzy logic to support reliable and adaptive automated harvest decisions in chili farming, with potential application in precision agriculture.

Growth and Yield Response of Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) Plants to Paclobutrazol Dosage and Application Time

2025-02-06T03:16:32+00:00

Sunflower (Hellianthus annuus L.) has high economic value due to its great potential in industry. High market demand causes the need for intensification in sunflower cultivation to increase production and seed quality. This study aims to determine the right dosage and time of paclobutrazol application in suppressing growth and increasing the yield of sunflower plants. The research was conducted in Dohoagung Village, Balongpanggang District, Gresik Regency from May to September 2024. This research used a Factorial Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 2 factors, namely dose and application time. The two treatments resulted in 12 combinations, each of which was repeated three times. The results of the analysis of variance were further tested with the 5% HSD test. The results show that the combination of paclobutrazol dosage of 0.3 g/plant and application time of 4 WAP gives the best results on plant growth (plant height and stem diameter). The single treatment of paclobutrazol dosage of 0.2 g/plant gave the best results on flower diameter, number of seeds, total seed weight and 100 seed weight. A single treatment of paclobutrazol application time at 4 WAP produced the best plant growth and increased flower diameter.

Environmental Factors and Mulching Effects on Soil Nitrogen in Organic Curly Chili (Capsicum annuum L.) Cultivation for Sustainable Agriculture

2025-06-14T16:56:05+00:00

Nitrogen availability is a critical determinant of chili yield, and its dynamics are influenced by environmental conditions and cultivation practices such as mulching. This study aimed to evaluate the combined effects of environmental factors and mulching on soil nitrogen levels in curly chili (Capsicum annuum L.) cultivation using organic fertilizer under a sustainable agriculture framework. The experiment used a randomized block design with 24 plots and three treatments: no mulch (P1M0), organic mulch with bamboo leaves (P1M1), and inorganic mulch with plastic (P1M2). Monitoring was conducted for 4 months on soil pH, volumetric water content (VWC), electrical conductivity (EC), temperature, rainfall, solar radiation, humidity, and wind speed. Results showed that soil nitrogen was highest in no mulch (31.1 mg/kg), followed by organic mulch (28.8 mg/kg), and lowest in inorganic mulch (25.6 mg/kg). ANOVA confirmed that organic mulch was comparable to no mulch, but significantly better in maintaining nitrogen than inorganic mulch. Regression analysis identified electrical conductivity as the strongest positive predictor across all treatments, while soil pH showed negative effects and average temperature tended to reduce nitrogen under no mulch conditions. Model accuracy was strong (R²: P1M0 = 0.799, P1M1 = 0.799, P1M2 = 0.699). The use of bamboo leaves can be an alternative in maintaining soil nitrogen availability. Mulching practices adapted to environmental conditions can enhance soil fertility and support sustainable chili production.

The Effectiveness of Hydrocooling in Maintaining Broccoli Quality During Storage

2025-07-02T02:50:59+00:00

Broccoli is a vegetable with high economic value, but it is also a highly perishable agricultural product after harvest. One method to extend its shelf life is hydrocooling, which involves cooling the product immediately after harvest to reduce the respiration rate, a key factor in quality degradation during storage. This study aimed to determine the optimal temperature and duration of hydrocooling to maintain the quality of fresh broccoli and to observe quality changes during storage. Hydrocooling was applied by immersing broccoli in cold water for 10 and 20 minutes, followed by storage at room temperature and low temperature. Quality observations were conducted for 7 days at room temperature and 16 days under chilled storage (5°C). The quality parameters observed included respiration rate, moisture content, weight loss, microbial contamination, color, and vitamin C content. Results showed that under room temperature storage, there was no significant difference between broccoli with and without hydrocooling; both maintained their quality only up to 4 days. However, the combination of hydrocooling and chilled storage preserved broccoli quality up to 14 days, while the control (without hydrocooling) only lasted until day 10. Therefore, hydrocooling is effective when combined with low-temperature storage, helping to maintain postharvest freshness and extend the shelf life of broccoli.

Evaluation of Fertilizer Management Approaches in Maintaining Soil Fertility and Plant Nutrient Content in Coffee-Based Agroforestry Systems

2025-07-02T12:16:09+00:00

Application proper type and dose of fertilizer will maintain soil fertility and help coffee growing better in the agroforestry system. Mis-management in fertilization compromises soil quality, and therefore it is underscoring the imperative to ascertain proper type and dosage of fertilizer for maintaining soil properties and nutrient storage. The study aims to assess and evaluate the role of fertilizer management in influencing soil properties, nutrient stocks, and leaf nutrient content. The field experiment was conducted in smallholder coffee agroforestry systems East Java – Indonesia. A randomized block design including a control plot in the protected area and nine combinations of fertilizer types (i.e., organic, inorganic, and mixed) and doses (i.e., low, medium, and high), with three replications, was applied to coffee trees in an agroforestry system. This study proves that differences in fertilizer management did not significantly changes soil physical properties (i.e., soil bulk density and total porosity), indicated that changing in soil physical properties occurred in the long time. In addition, the reduced fertilizer dose (the low dose fertilizer application) had comparable soil available P, and higher soil exchangeable K and soil P stock as compared to those in the protected areas. The study revealed that applying low-dose mixed fertilizer management effectively improved soil fertility.

Physical and Physiological Quality of Rice Seeds of Inpari 32 Variety Under Different Harvest Ages, Packaging Types, and Storage Durations

2025-03-26T00:05:31+00:00

This study aimed to determine the optimal harvest time and packaging type to preserve the quality of Inpari 32 rice seeds during storage. Conducted at the Food and Horticultural Plant Seed Supervision and Certification Unit in East Java from November 2023 to April 2024, the research used a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications. Harvest age treatments were 110, 120, 130, and 140 days after seedling (DAS), while packaging types included plastic sacks, polyethylene (PE) sacks, polypropylene (PP) sacks, and aluminium foil. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and Duncan's Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at a 5% significance level. Results showed that harvesting at 120 DAS with PP sacks yielded the highest starch content, while 140 DAS with aluminium foil resulted in the lowest reducing sugar content. Optimal germination and growth speed were achieved at 130 DAS, which also minimized electrical conductivity. Harvesting at 140 DAS produced the highest 1000-grain weight. Aluminium foil packaging maintained the lowest moisture content and significantly improved germination and growth speed compared to other packaging types. These findings suggest that optimizing harvest age and packaging type can significantly improve seed viability and storage performance.

Chemical and Organoleptic Characteristics of Pempek Using Different Ratios of Lampam Fish Surimi and Tapioca Flour

2025-07-21T04:51:02+00:00

The use of lampam fish as a raw material for pempek is a new effort to overcome the high cost of snakehead fish. The study aims to determine the chemical and organoleptic characteristics of pempek using a comparison of lampam fish surimi with tapioca flour. The study was conducted in the laboratory of the Muhammadiyah University of Palembang and the Agricultural Product Technology laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Sriwijaya University from December 2023 to February 2024. The study used a non-factorial randomized block design with five treatment levels, namely P1 (surimi 250 g:tapioca flour 350 g), P2 (surimi 300 g:tapioca flour 350 g), P3 (surimi 350:tapioca flour 350 g), P4 (surimi 400 g:tapioca flour 350 g), P5 (surimi 450 g:tapioca flour 350 g) with three replications. The research parameters include analysis of protein content and water content, organoleptic tests of color, aroma, taste, and elasticity. The results showed the highest protein content in P5 at 23.37% ± 0.10, and the highest water content in P5 at 59.11% ± 0.35. The highest level of preference for color was 4.28 ± 1.06 (like), aroma was 3.76±1.54 (rather like), taste was 3.84 ± 0.72 (rather like) and elasticity was 3.92± 1.00 (rather like) in P5.

Product Development of High Carotenoids Chocolate Confectionery Based on Red Palm Olein Oleogel

2025-07-29T00:45:35+00:00

Red palm oil (RPO)-based oleogel had potential as a substitute for cocoa butter substitute (CBS) in the manufacture of chocolate confectionery. This study aimed to obtain the optimum formula of chocolate confectionery with RPO-based oleogel and determine the physicochemical characteristics, sensory profile and hedonic rating, nutrition facts, and contribution to meet the vitamin A requirement. The methods used were: (1) manufacture and characterization of RPO-based oleogel, (2) optimization formulas of chocolate confectionery with RPO-based oleogel by D-optimal mixture design, and (3) characterization of chocolate confectionery with RPO-based oleogel. The result showed that RPO-based oleogel had a high carotenoid content of 545.87±3.39 mg/kg and slip melting point of 46.67‒47.83°C. The optimum formula was 17.780% CBS, 13.880% RPO-based oleogel, and 3.340% stearin which had a texture of 1861.49 g_f and total carotenoids of 207.861 mg/kg. The sensory profile of chocolate confectionery with RPO-based oleogel based on the RATA method was yellow color; sweet, milk, fatty, and vanilla flavor; sweet, bitter, and fatty aftertaste; hard texture; melted, sandy, and sticky mouthfeel. The score of children panelists’ liking was 4.52 (liked extremely). One serving size of this product fulfilled 12% of the daily vitamin A requirement from the total requirement of 600 RE.

Comparison of Machine Learning Models for Classifying Consumer Sentiment of Coffee Shops on Social Media X

2025-08-04T16:02:49+00:00

With the intense competition in the coffee shop industry, understanding consumer opinions has become crucial for businesses. This study analyzes consumer sentiment toward the Janji Jiwa and Kopi Kenangan brands using tweet data from platform X. Sentiments were classified into positive, neutral, and negative categories using three algorithms: Logistic Regression (LR), Naïve Bayes (NB), and Support Vector Machine (SVM). The performance of these algorithms, in terms of accuracy and predictive capability, was evaluated using the TF-IDF method for text representation. The evaluation results show that LR achieved the highest accuracy at 79%, followed by SVM (78%) and NB (75%). Additionally, LR recorded consistent and balanced scores across the precision, recall, and F1-score metrics. These findings indicate that LR and SVM are more effective for multiclass sentiment classification in social media contexts

Effectiveness of Silica Humate in Improving Soil Quality in Paddy Field Contaminated by Industrial Waste

2025-07-02T03:59:09+00:00

Soil degradation caused by industrial waste in Sidoarjo Regency has led to a decline in agricultural productivity, necessitating soil rehabilitation efforts. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of silica humate as a soil amendment on paddy fields contaminated by industrial waste. The experiments were arranged according to the Factorial Complete Randomized Design, where the first factor: 3 kinds of industrial waste namely the pharmaceutical, livestock feed, and paper industry. Second factor; 5 doses of silica humat (0, 10, 20, 30, and 40 kg/ha). The parameters included soil pH, cation exchange capacity (CEC), total nitrogen (total-N), and available phosphorus (available-P), measured at 14 and 56 days after application (DAA). Results showed that the effectiveness of silica humate varied depending on the type of industrial waste and increased over time. On land contaminated with pharmaceutical waste, silica humate increased CEC from 44.34 to 52.52 cmol(+)/kg and available-P from 27.21 to 36.69 ppm at low doses. Land contaminated with animal feed waste showed the best results at a dose of 20 kg/ha, while land contaminated with paper industry waste required higher doses. These findings suggest that silica humate is promising as a viable soil amendment strategy, though optimal dosage rates must be tailored to specific industrial contamination types for maximum rehabilitation effectiveness.

Analysis of Potassium (K) Uptake and Plant Growth of Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.): Effect of AB Mix Concentrations and NPK Fertilizer Doses

2025-08-25T06:26:12+00:00

Soil is a crucial growing medium that supplies nutrients essential for plant development. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of AB Mix concentrations and NPK fertilizer dosages on potassium (K) uptake, growth, and yield of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). The experiment was conducted from June to September 2024 in Nupabomba Village, Donggala Regency, and in the Soil Science Laboratory of Tadulako University, using a factorial Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). The first factor was AB Mix concentration: A0 (control), A1 (24 ml/3 L), and A2 (1,800 ppm = 27 ml/3 L). The second factor was NPK dosage: D0 (control), D1 (0.7 g/7 kg), and D2 (1.4 g/7 kg). Data were analyzed using ANOVA followed by the Honest Significant Difference (HSD) test at a 5% significance level. Results showed that AB Mix and NPK fertilizer significantly affected potassium content in plant tissue but did not significantly affect soil pH, C-organic content, soil potassium levels, or potassium uptake. Treatments significantly increased plant height, number of leaves, and fresh weight, while dry weight was unaffected. These findings indicate that appropriate AB Mix and NPK combinations enhance lettuce growth and yield by improving tissue potassium content without altering soil properties.

Analysis of Procurement and Supply Chain Control of Sugarcane in a Sugar Mill

2025-05-13T14:36:23+00:00

Sugarcane raw material stocks in sugar factories need to be maintained at an optimal level to avoid either shortage or excess situations that ensuring smooth production. This study aims to analyze the procurement mechanism and inventory control of sugarcane raw materials, analyze the trend of sugarcane raw material procurement, and to analyze the inventory control of sugarcane raw materials. Research was conducted at PT PG Candi Baru Sidoarjo. Data was analyzed using descriptive analysis, trend analysis, and Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) analysis. Results of this study showed the procurement mechanism and inventory control of sugarcane raw materials by PT PG Candi Baru. The trend of sugarcane raw materials had decreased every period caused by several factors. The number of economical sugarcane orders in the last year 2023 was 1,491,545,174 tons. The amount of safety stock that must be owned by PT PG Candi Baru Sidoarjo was 234,044.8 tons. The number of reorder (Reorder Point) was 505,761 tons. The optimal total cost of sugarcane raw material inventory was IDR 20,885,934,920.14, while the company policy was IDR 20,998,060,000. It can be concluded that the EOQ method obtained more efficient results with a financial difference value of IDR 112,125,079.86.

Rice Farming Applicator Robot Control System Based on Radio Wave Communication Using Flysky Fs-iA6 Type Remote Control and Arduino Mega

2025-04-28T10:23:42+00:00

This research focuses on designing a control system for pesticide applicator robots on rice plants. Control is carried out via radio wave communication using a transmitter-receiver (Flysky FS-iA6 2.4 GHz). The remote can control the robot wheel (forward, backward and turn), boom sprayer (raise-fall and open-close), and spray pump. The research method is carried out using the waterfall model because it is under the needs that require a sequential flow in the process. The test results show that the use of a bevel gear gearbox can increase the torque value up to 3 times. The use of 4 electric motors further increases the stability of the robot's movement (RPM and torque) when given the maximum load of the robot. The boom sprayer successfully opens-closes and fluctuates smoothly at the optimum value of PWM 50 and voltage 2.35. The time required for the boom sprayer to open-close, and rise-fall is 30 s. The relay which functions as a switch is successfully controlled, so that the pump can be activated and deactivated in mode 2 at the input. Transmitter-receiver communication test was successfully carried out. Transmitter-receiver communication is capable of up to a distance of < 150 m. Input mode 1 on the transmitter successfully controls the boom sprayer. Input mode 2 successfully controls the motion of the wheels and pump.

Study on Soil Macrofauna Diversity and Its Role in Litter Decomposition in Coffee-Based Agroforestry

2024-12-09T06:14:00+00:00

The biodiversity or diversity of macrofauna depends on abiotic environmental factors and biotic environmental factors. Macrofauna plays a role in decomposing organic matter so that it can restore and maintain soil productivity. The study aims to determine the diversity of soil macrofauna in the Complex Agroforestry system and its effect on the decomposition of coffee litter. The research was carried out by observation of soil macrofauna and observation of litter decomposition rate using RAK which was composed of 2 factors, namely the type of agroforestry and the difference in the age of coffee plants. The results showed that the macrofauna diversity of soil in Complex Agroforestry and Simple Agroforestry was not different because the amount of shade and diversity were almost the same. The Soil Macrofauna Diversity Index showed a low category (H' < 2) with an average INP value of 40 – 48%. Biotic factors (litter production) and abiotic factors (temperature and humidity) affect the diversity of good macrofauna. A high macrofaunaa population will affect the rate of decomposition of debris where macrofauna plays a role in remodeling organic matter.

Biogas Production from Palm Oil Mill Effluent and the Prospect of Co-digestion with Empty Fruit Bunches – A Comprehensive Review

2025-06-09T22:46:50+00:00

Palm oil mill effluent (POME) and oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB) represent two major waste streams in the palm oil industry that pose serious environmental challenges but also offer significant opportunities for renewable energy generation. This review comprehensively discusses the development of biogas production from POME through anaerobic digestion (AD) and explores the prospects of co-digestion with OPEFB to improve system efficiency and sustainability. A systematic literature survey of over 150 publications from the past four decades was conducted to evaluate technological evolution, operational parameters, methane yield, and environmental implications. The review identifies five major phases of POME biogas development—from early feasibility studies in the 1980s to the current exploitation phase integrating energy recovery, carbon credit schemes, and circular bioeconomy principles. Anaerobic digestion of POME in covered lagoon systems has achieved COD removal efficiencies exceeding 90% and methane yields of 0.28–0.34 Nm³ CH₄ per kg COD removed, supporting electricity generation potentials above 1 GW nationwide. Meanwhile, co-digestion with OPEFB enhances process stability, optimizes the C/N ratio, and improves methane production by 20–40% depending on substrate ratio and pretreatment. The integration of POME–OPEFB co-digestion can substantially reduce greenhouse gas emissions and provide value-added biofertilizers, thereby strengthening the environmental and economic sustainability of palm oil mills. Despite technological advances, several challenges remain, including high investment cost, OPEFB pretreatment, and limited policy support for grid connection. Further development of scalable, low-cost digesters and biogas upgrading systems is essential to realize the full potential of biogas as a renewable energy pathway within the palm oil sector.