Jurnal Teknik Pertanian Lampung (Journal of Agricultural Engineering)

Preface August 2026

Editor JTEP-L — 2026-08-25

Applied the Holt–Winter Forecasting Method for Rice Production: A Case Study of Cianjur and Indramayu Regencies, West Java, Indonesia

Imaningtyastuti Imaningtyastuti — 2026-08-24

The current food problem in Indonesia is uneven food availability. Differences in rice planting and harvesting areas due to land conversion from rice fields to residential areas and extreme climate change have caused instability in rice production. Cianjur and Indramayu, as rice production centers in West Java, have experienced rice production fluctuation from 2010 to 2023. The rice harvest area in both regions has even experienced a downward trend, which has had a direct impact on agricultural productivity. This study aims to predict rice production using the Holt-Winters multiplicative method for rice production from 2024 to 2030. By using yearly rice production data from 2010 to 2023 in Cianjur and Indramayu regencies, focusing on model evaluation by using Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE). The analysis results show that by using multiplicative Holt Winters model, predicted rice production in Cianjur experienced downward then upward trend in 2030 with a MAPE value of 1.00% and for Indramayu Regency experienced upward trend in the following years with a MAPE value of 0.74%. Thus, these prediction results can be used as a basis in supporting policy formulation and strategic decision-making related to food security program planning.

The Effect of Chitosan-Based Edible Coating and Salicylic Acid with the Addition of Green Tea Extract on Extending the Shelf Life of Banana Fruit (Musa paradisiaca L.)

Hermawan Dwi Ariyanto — 2026-08-24

Banana (Musa paradisiaca L.) ripens rapidly after harvest, resulting in short shelf life and high postharvest losses. Thus, delaying ripening is essential to maintain quality. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of salicylic acid (SA) and green tea extract (GTE) combinations on the postharvest quality of banana cv. Raja. The experiment used a factorial Completely Randomized Design with SA (3, 4, and 5 g) and GTE (30 and 35 mL), plus a control. Fruits were coated with chitosan-based solutions, stored at room temperature, and evaluated for weight retention, color change (ΔE), firmness, total soluble solids (TSS), and ethylene production. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and MANOVA. Results showed significant effects (p < 0.05) of SA and GTE on all parameters. The control exhibited higher weight retention (80.29%) and moderate color change (ΔE = 7.94). The sample A3B2 with combination of SA 5 g and GTE 35 mL gave the highest weight retention (85.13%) and TSS (26.5%) but faster softening and color change. In contrast, SA 5 g + GTE 30 mL (A3B1) better maintained firmness (3.0 kg/cm²) and suppressed ethylene production. In conclusion, A3B1 was identified as the most effective treatment for extending the shelf life and maintaining the postharvest quality of banana cv. Raja.

Effect of Aeration Rate on the Quality of Bio-Urine Produced from Cattle Urine Fermentation in an Aerobic Bioreactor

I Putu Surya Wirawan — 2026-08-24

The utilization of cattle urine as a raw material for liquid organic fertilizer has strong potential to support sustainable agriculture through the optimization of aerobic fermentation using a bioreactor system. This study aimed to analyze the effect of aeration rate on the quality of bio urine produced. The fermentation process was conducted for 15 days in a 1100 L aerobic bioreactor with three aeration rate treatments of 48, 60, and 90 L/h. The main parameters evaluated included pH, biological oxygen demand (BOD), C/N ratio, microbial population, and macro-nutrient contents (N, P, and K). The results showed that increasing the aeration rate accelerated the reduction of BOD and C/N ratio while maintaining pH stability throughout the fermentation process. The aeration rate of 90 L/h produced bio urine with a C/N ratio below 15, the lowest BOD value, and stable pH, indicating the highest level of fermentation maturity and chemical stability. Under this condition, macro-nutrient contents reached 0.25% N, 0.10% P, and 0.42% K, accompanied by a stable microbial population during the final fermentation phase. Therefore, an aeration rate of 90 L/h was determined as the optimal condition based on fermentation maturity indicators (C/N ratio, BOD, and pH) and improved efficiency of organic matter mineralization.

Formulation of Nutrient-Dense Snack Bars Based on Local Food Sources for Stunting Prevention: Proximate and Micronutrient Characteristics

Naema Bora — 2026-08-24

Stunting remains a significant public health concern in Indonesia, particularly in regions with limited access to nutritious foods, such as East Nusa Tenggara Province (NTT). This study aimed to develop and evaluate a high nutrient snack bar formulated from a combination of four local ingredients (purple sweet potato, mung beans, anchovies, and moringa leaves). A completely randomized design (CRD) of five formulations was performed in triplicates. Proximate composition (moisture, protein, fat, carbohydrate, and ash) and selected micronutrients (vitamin C, iron, and omega-3 fatty acids) were analyzed. Results indicated that ingredient composition significantly influenced the nutritional profiles of the snack bars. Formulations F3 and F4 exhibited superior nutrient density, characterized by higher levels of protein, fat, and omega-3 fatty acids, along with lower moisture content, whereas formulation F2 showed the highest sensory acceptability. In terms of micronutrient content, F1 and F5 contained higher levels of vitamin C and iron, while F3 and F4 were richer in omega-3 fatty acids. These findings highlight a trade-off between nutritional quality and sensory acceptance, with each formulation demonstrating distinct functional properties. The development of snack bars based on local ingredients shows strong potential as a functional food for stunting prevention through a food-to-food fortification approach.

Deterministic and Probabilistic Assessment for Dietary Exposure of Naturally Occurring Formaldehyde in Fresh Foods of Plant Origin in Indonesia

Mas Andang Rahmatullah — 2026-08-24

Formaldehyde is known to pose health risks, including carcinogenic effects. Its presence is often associated with the misuse of formalin. Information on formaldehyde in fresh food of plant origin (FFPO) and its effect on public health remains limited. This study assessed formaldehyde levels in FFPO commodities, estimated dietary exposure, and performed risk analysis using deterministic and probabilistic approaches. A total of 138 samples collected from supply chain nodes were analyzed by UV-Vis spectrophotometry using chromotropic acid reagent. Results showed that formaldehyde concentrations varied across commodities, ranging from below the limit of detection to 155.00 mg/kg. National exposure as the estimated daily intake (EDI) was estimated at 0.0012 mg⸳(kg bw)^–1⸳(day^–1), while regional analysis across 38 provinces revealed exposure levels between 0.000640 and 0.008227 mg⸳(kg bw)^–1⸳(day^–1). Monte Carlo simulation yielded a mean daily exposure of 0.00249 ± 0.00523 mg/kg bw across age groups, substantially lower than the reference total daily intake (TDI) of 0.15 mg/kg bw. Non-carcinogenic risk characterization showed hazard quotient (HQ) values below 1, indicating that the exposure is unlikely to pose a significant health risk. Carcinogenic risk characterization showed cancer risk (CR) values generally within the acceptable range (10-6 to 10-4), although slightly exceeding the upper limit in certain groups. However, as the assessment is based on conservative assumptions without accounting for potential reduction, the actual risk may be lower.

Dynamics of Soil CO₂ Flux in Rice Systems Under Biochar and Poultry Manure Application Using a Portable NDIR-Based Sensor System

Muhamad Afif Akbar — 2026-08-24

Soil CO₂ emission from paddy systems is an important component of agricultural carbon fluxes, yet field monitoring remains constrained by labor-intensive methods. This study aimed to examine a portable NDIR-based CO₂ sensor system and to quantify soil CO₂ flux dynamics and vegetative growth of paddy under different organic amendments. A greenhouse pot experiment with four treatments, biochar 30 Mg/ha (B), poultry manure 40 Mg/ha (K), biochar 30 Mg/ha + manure 20 Mg/ha (BK1), and biochar 15 Mg/ha + manure 40 Mg/ha (BK2), was conducted during the vegetative stage of paddy. Soil CO₂ flux was measured daily from 1 to 60 days after transplanting (DAT) using an MH-Z19B sensor inside a closed chamber. Integrated over the vegetative stage, mean soil CO₂ fluxes were 311, 391, 461, and 516 mg CO₂⸳m^–2⸳h^–1 for B, BK1, BK2, and K, respectively, indicating that manure based treatments enhanced respiration compared with sole biochar. Soil CO₂ flux tended to increase from early to late vegetative stages and was positively correlated with plant height and leaf number, indicating a significant positive association between carbon loss and biomass accumulation. These results show that portable low cost sensors can support the design of biochar–manure strategies that sustain paddy growth while moderating manure induced CO₂ emissions.

Enhancing Growth and Yield of Garuda Clone Cassava through Mukibat Grafting and Microbial-Based Fertilization

Ariwibowo Ariwibowo — 2026-08-24

Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is a strategic commodity in Indonesia, but the productivity (20–30 t/ha) remains far below the biological potential (>60 t/ha). Mukibat grafting, which combines rubber cassava (Manihot glaziovii) as scion onto cultivated cassava rootstock, represents an effective approach to enhance productivity. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of planting materials (Mukibat grafting vs. conventional cutting) and fertilizer types (inorganic NPK, goat manure, and microbial-based fertilizer/MBF) on the growth and yield of Garuda clone cassava. The experiment was conducted using a Strip Plot Design with a 2×3 factorial treatment structure and three replications. Results showed that grafting success rate was 100% across all treatments. Mukibat grafting significantly outperformed conventional cuttings, increasing tuber yield by 98.14% (61.70 kg vs. 31.14 kg per 3 plants) and total starch production by 102.77% (50.49 vs. 24.90 t/ha). Starch content did not differ significantly between treatments. MBF produced the highest tuber yield (52.40 kg per 3 plants) and total starch production (42.95 t/ha), representing a 31.07% and 28.81% increase over inorganic fertilizer (39.98 kg per 3 plants), respectively. These findings demonstrate that integrating Mukibat grafting with microbial-based fertilization represents an effective strategy for sustainable intensification of cassava production in Indonesia.

Impact of Regulatory Interventions on Ethylene Oxide Residues in Chili Powder for Instant Noodles in Indonesia

Asri Yusnitasari — 2026-08-24

Ethylene oxide residues in food have become a major global food safety concern and are classified as Group 1 carcinogens by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). This study aimed to characterize ethylene oxide levels in chili powder used in instant noodles and to evaluate the effectiveness of policy interventions in reducing ethylene oxide residues. A descriptive-comparative design was applied, using laboratory testing data collected before and after policy implementation. Data were derived from the National Agency for Drug and Food Control (NADFC/BPOM) surveillance in 2023 and from GC-MS/MS analyses of chili powder samples obtained from supermarkets and e-commerce platforms. The results demonstrated a substantial reduction in ethylene oxide residues, with mean levels decreasing from 4.923 µg/kg to 0.463 µg/kg and maximum levels from 25 µg/kg to 1.5 µg/kg. The difference was statistically significant (Mann–Whitney U test, p < 0.05). All post-policy samples complied with the established maximum residue limits. These findings indicate a change in the ethylene oxide residue profile that is consistent with strengthened contaminant control following policy implementation and underscore the importance of continuous risk-based food safety management.

Evaluating the Effectiveness of Flood Control Scenarios in Reducing Flood Hazard Index Levels in the Ciletuh River, Indonesia

Milad Panji Swara — 2026-08-24

Flood hazards in tropical watersheds are increasing due to extreme rainfall and rapid hydrological responses, particularly in low-lying agricultural regions. The downstream Ciletuh River in Ciemas District frequently experiences inundation that causes significant flood impacts. This study evaluates the effectiveness of structural flood control scenarios in reducing inundation extent, depth, flow velocity, and flood hazard levels. Hydrological analysis was conducted using rainfall frequency analysis and the SCS Unit Hydrograph, while hydraulic simulations were performed using coupled one-dimensional and two-dimensional HEC-RAS models for 2-, 5-, 10-, and 25-year return periods. Under the Q25 condition, the existing inundation area of 584 ha was reduced by 26% under the levee scenario and 32% under the normalization scenario. The combined levee–normalization scenario achieved the highest reduction of 74%, although this value is subject to uncertainty due to methodological limitations. The combined scenario also generated the highest peak velocity of 4.06 m/s, indicating improved hydraulic conveyance efficiency. This study integrates the BNPB Flood Hazard Index framework to support flood mitigation planning in the downstream Ciletuh Watershed.

Multidimensional Sustainability Analysis of Forest and Land Rehabilitation Program in Bombana Regency, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia

Hartati Hartati — 2026-08-24

Forest and land degradation remains a significant environmental challenge in Bombana Regency, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia, requiring rehabilitation strategies that ensure long-term sustainability. This study evaluated the sustainability status of the Forest and Land Rehabilitation (RHL) program and identified the key factors influencing its performance. Sustainability was assessed using the Rapid Appraisal for Sustainability (RAPSUS) approach based on Multidimensional Scaling (MDS) across the ecological, economic, and social dimensions using 21 attributes. Data were collected through field observations, structured interviews, and expert judgment involving relevant stakeholders. Model performance was evaluated using stress values, coefficients of determination (R²), leverage analysis, and Monte Carlo simulations. The results indicated that the RHL program was moderately sustainable, with the ecological dimension showing the highest sustainability index (62.82), followed by the economic (58.61) and social (52.09) dimensions. Leverage analysis identified flora species diversity, planting success rate, and clarity of area boundaries as the most influential attributes affecting sustainability. The MDS model demonstrated good reliability, with stress values ranging from 0.1477 to 0.1529 and R² values ranging from 0.9408 to 0.9432. These findings highlight the importance of improving vegetation diversity, increasing planting success, and strengthening stakeholder participation to enhance the long-term sustainability of RHL programs and support adaptive rehabilitation policies.

Effect of Drying Temperature and Time Using a Solar Thermal Dryer on Moisture Content, Color, and Proximate Properties of Moringa (Moringa oleifera) Leaves

Fitrah Evar — 2026-08-24

Moringa leaves are highly nutritious and are often used as a raw material for various processed products. Drying is a crucial step in preserving the leaves before further processing. Solar thermal dryers are an environmentally friendly drying technology that has the potential to help maintain the color and nutritional stability of Moringa leaves through more controlled drying conditions. This study aims to evaluate the effects of solar thermal drying on the nutritional content and color characteristics of Moringa leaves to support the development of appropriate drying methods for maintaining product quality. The study was conducted using a two-factor split-plot design: temperature (40 ℃, 44 ℃, and 47 ℃) as the main plot and time (3 h, 5 h, and 7 h) as the subplot, yielding nine treatment combinations with three replications. The results showed that the treatment conducted at 44 ℃ for 7 h produced lower moisture content and a better stable color, while the treatment conducted at 40 ℃ for 7 h produced the highest moisture content and the least stable color. Furthermore, the treatment conducted at 44 ℃ for 7 h showed higher dietary fiber, ash and lower moisture content compared with the treatment conducted at 47 ℃ for 7 h while protein, fat and carbohydrate contents were not significantly different between the two treatments. Overall, drying at 44 ℃ for 7 h resulted in lower moisture content, acceptable color characteristics and higher dietary fiber and ash content compared with the other tested conditions.

Correlation Between Roasting Duration and Physicochemical Properties of Arabica Coffee (Coffea arabica L.) Beans: A Basis for Roasting Profile Standardization

Ilham Efendi — 2026-08-24

Roasting is a critical determinant of coffee quality, yet roast level is often assessed subjectively through sensory evaluation, limiting the standardization of roasting profiles. This study investigated the relationship between roasting duration and changes in the physicochemical properties of coffee beans as a preliminary step toward objective roasting control. Thirty samples of fully washed Solok Radjo Arabica coffee beans were roasted at a constant temperature of 195 °C using ten roasting durations ranging from 475 to 795 s, with three replications per treatment. Pearson correlation analysis revealed very strong linear relationships between roasting duration and four of the five measured physicochemical parameters. Coffee pH showed a very strong positive correlation (r = 0.985), increasing with longer roasting times due to the decomposition of organic acids. In contrast, titratable acidity (r = –0.983), color lightness (r = –0.959), and moisture content (r = –0.955) exhibited very strong negative correlations and decreased significantly as roasting time increased. Caffeine content showed the weakest correlation (r = –0.598) and fluctuated because of its high thermal stability. All correlations were statistically significant (p < 0.05). These findings demonstrate that physicochemical parameters can serve as objective indicators for roasting process control and roasting profile standardization, while providing a basis for future studies linking physicochemical changes with sensory quality.

Effect of Freeze-Thaw and Ultrasonic Pretreatment on the Drying Rate and Quality of Lemon (Citrus limon) Slices

Mohammad Nafila Alfa — 2026-08-24

The drying of lemon slices requires considerable time and often leads to unwanted alterations in their characteristics, such as discoloration and the degradation of bioactive compounds. Pretreatment has been widely applied to address these issues. This study aimed to investigate the effects of freeze-thaw and ultrasonic pretreatments on the drying rate and quality attributes of dried lemon slices. Lemon slices were subjected to ultrasonic pretreatment (40 kHz, 200 W) for 0, 10, and 20 min, either alone or combined with freeze-thaw (-20°C for 12 h), and subsequently dried using a convection oven at 60°C. The 10 min ultrasonic pretreatment without freeze-thawing was identified as the optimal approach based on process efficiency and quality retention. This treatment increased the drying rate (p < 0.05) and rehydration ratio (p < 0.05), reduced the browning index (p < 0.05) and total color difference (ΔE) (p < 0.05), maintained the total phenolic and total flavonoid contents of the dried lemons, and exhibited the lowest reduction in vitamin C content and antioxidant activity compared to the other pretreatments.

Non-Destructive Method for Evaluating Viability of Watermelon and Tomato Seeds Using Radiographic Imaging

Radi Radi — 2026-08-24

Conventional germination testing is the reference method for determining seed viability, but it is time-consuming and requires test samples. This study was conducted to evaluate the feasibility of industrial radiographic imaging as a non-destructive technique for identifying the internal structural condition of watermelon and tomato seeds and predicting their viability. A total of 608 seedless watermelon seeds and 700 tomato seeds were individually tagged, radiographically imaged, visually graded for embryo and endosperm integrity, and then subjected to standard germination tests for validation. Watermelon seeds were categorized into five radiographic grades based on the completeness of the embryo/endosperm, and tomato seeds were classified according to the presence of a complete internal cochlear-like structure. Sensitivity, specificity and accuracy were calculated for the radiographic classification and evaluated with a seed-by-seed confusion matrix. Radiographic imaging showed promising performance in detecting germinable seeds in both watermelon and tomato, with high sensitivity and an overall accuracy of about 92%. These results show that radiographic imaging is a promising non-destructive screening method, in particular for larger seeds with clearly visible internal structures. However, it must be seen as a rapid screening method for complementary purposes and not as a complete substitute for the standard germination test. Additional work should include quantification of image analysis, testing for agreement between evaluators, and automatic classification to increase robustness.

Development and Validation of an ESP32-Based Multi-Sensor System for Precision Smart Greenhouse Monitoring

Muhammad Dhafir — 2026-08-24

Smart greenhouse system has become one of the main technologies in precision agriculture due to its ability to control environmental parameters that influence plant growth. This study aims to perform calibration and validation of a multi-sensor system based on ESP32, which will be integrated into a smart greenhouse automation system. The sensors included DHT22 for air temperature and humidity, an analog TDS sensor for nutrient concentration, and a resistive soil moisture sensor (V1.2) for soil humidity. The testing was conducted in a real greenhouse environment with statistical parameters such as MAPE, RMSE, and R² were used as the basis for evaluating sensor accuracy. Results showed that the DHT22 sensor produced MAPE, RMSE, and R² of respectively 2.75%, 1.08%, and 0.989 for air temperature, and 6.53%, 4.80%, and 0.997 for air humidity. The TDS sensor showed a MAPE of 0.267%, RMSE of 2.760%, and R² of 0.875 in AB Mix solution of approximately 1000 ppm. The integrated ESP32 system operated reliably in three modes—manual, semi-automatic, and automatic—with a response time of less than two seconds. These findings confirm the potential application of multi-sensor systems in smart agriculture and highlight the importance of calibration to achieve reliability in modern greenhouse operations.

Effect of Fermentation Time and Spray Drying Inlet Temperature on the Quality of Egg White Powder

Rokhani Hasbullah — 2026-08-24

Eggs are an affordable and widely consumed protein source but have a limited shelf life due to their perishable nature. Converting egg white into powder through fermentation and spray drying offers a promising preservation method; however, the combined effects of these processes remain insufficiently studied. This research evaluated the influence of fermentation duration and spray-drying inlet temperature on the physicochemical properties of chicken egg white powder. Egg whites were fermented for 4 and 6 h and dried using a Buchi 190 spray dryer at inlet temperatures of 180, 185, and 190 °C. A completely randomized factorial design with two factors and two replications was applied. Data were analyzed using ANOVA followed by Duncan’s multiple range test. Spray-drying inlet temperature significantly affected fat content, pH, moisture, and protein content, whereas fermentation time showed limited effects. The combination of 4–6 h fermentation and a 190 °C inlet temperature produced egg white powder with favorable characteristics, including a yield of 3.22–4.83%, color difference of 9.02–10.05, pH of 10.70–10.75, moisture content of 5.64–5.76%, protein content of 78.30–78.74%, ash content of 5.40–5.64%, and particle size of 3.15–3.77 μm. However, pH and fat content did not fully meet Indonesian National Standard (SNI) requirements, indicating that further process optimization is necessary.

Mitigation of Cadmium Stress in Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) Using Rice Husk Biochar and Silica Fertilizer

Diny Evitasari — 2026-08-24

Heavy metal contamination, particularly cadmium (Cd), can arise from the use of organic fertilizers derived from urban waste. Cd is highly toxic and mobile, posing serious health risks when accumulated in edible crops such as lettuce. This study aimed to evaluate the potential of rice husk biochar (RHB) and silica fertilizer to mitigate Cd stress on lettuce growth. The research employed a factorial Completely Randomized Design with two factors: biochar dose (0, 15, 30, 45 tons/ha) and silica dose (0, 3, 6 g per 3 kg soil per polybag). Soil was spiked with 15 ppm Cd. Parameters measured included plant height, leaf number, fresh weight, soil Cd, and plant Cd. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and LSD test at 5%. Results showed that biochar significantly affected plant height and leaf number (P<0.01), with 45 tons/ha producing the tallest plants (19.81 cm) and most leaves (18.56 leaves), while reducing plant Cd to 0.47 ppm. The combination of P3S1 (45 tons/ha biochar + 3 g/3 kg silica) resulted in the lowest soil Cd (1.16 ppm) and plant Cd (0.32 ppm). Regression analysis showed a weak correlation (R² = 22.74%) between soil and plant Cd. Although the interaction between biochar and silica was not statistically significant (P > 0.05), the main effect of biochar significantly reduced plant Cd concentration (P < 0.05), with the highest dose (45 tons/ha) producing the lowest plant Cd (0.47 ppm). The treatment combination P3S1 (45 tons/ha biochar + 3 g/3 kg silica) numerically produced the lowest soil Cd (1.16 ppm) and plant Cd (0.32 ppm), but did not show synergistic interaction.

Influence of Anthocyanin Concentration on the Performance of Papaya Freshness Indicator

Indrawan Cahyo Adilaksono — 2026-08-24

Indonesia is one of the world’s largest producers of papaya (Carica papaya L.); however, its consumption rate remains relatively low. Papaya is rich in vitamins, especially vitamin A, and is commonly processed into fresh-cut fruit to improve convenience. However, fresh-cut papaya is susceptible to quality deterioration due to tissue damage caused by minimal processing, resulting in a shorter shelf life. Smart packaging with freshness indicator labels can be used to monitor freshness changes in fresh-cut fruit during storage. In this study, anthocyanin extracted from purple sweet potato waste (Ipomoea batatas L.) was used as a natural pH-sensitive dye for freshness indicator labels. This study aimed to determine the effect of different anthocyanin concentrations (0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, 2.0%, and 2.5%) on the color change of freshness indicator labels during 7 days of fresh-cut papaya (Carica papaya L. var. Calina) storage at 4±2 °C. The results showed that anthocyanin concentration did not significantly affect the color change of the indicator labels during storage (p > 0.05). However, the label color response was more closely associated with freshness parameters, particularly CO₂ concentration in the packaging headspace and fruit firmness. These findings indicate that anthocyanin-based freshness indicator labels have potential for monitoring freshness changes in fresh-cut papaya, although their performance is influenced by the physicochemical changes occurring in the packaged fruit during cold storage.

Characteristics of Cookies Made from Lindur Mangrove Flour Substitution

Oktaf Rina — 2026-08-24

Mangrove forests provide various economic opportunities for local communities, particularly through the utilization of mangrove resources. Among the various mangrove species in Lampung, lindur mangrove is one that has attracted attention due to its potential, not only as an ecological function but also as a sustainable food source. Flour produced from the lindur mangrove fruit can be used as a flour substitute in processed food products, such as cookies. This study seeks to examine the sensory and chemical properties of cookies incorporated with mangrove lindur flour at levels of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50%. Cookies with a 20% substitution of mangrove lindur flour showed quite good acceptance in various sensory parameters. In terms of color, it provides a brighter color compared to higher substitution levels. The aroma of the cookies is preferred by the panelists, who also accepted the taste; additionally, the texture provides a crunchy sensation that the panelists enjoy. In terms of chemical characteristics, these cookies contain water content (4.40%), ash (1.12%), protein (9.74%), fat (14.43%), carbohydrates (70.32%), dietary fiber (9.92%), calories (523.87 kcal/100 g), phosphorus (71.51 mg/100 g), iron (1.30 mg/100 g), and calcium (57.41 mg/100 g).

Development of High-Fiber Functional Cereal from Broken Black Rice, Corn, and Red Beans Using Mixture Design Approach

Suryani Merydaniati Saragih — 2026-08-24

Broken black rice (BBR) is a locally available cereal rich in macronutrients and bioactive compounds with reported health promoting properties. This study aimed to optimize a BBR based functional cereal blend with corn and red bean and evaluate its physicochemical and nutritional characteristics. A D optimal mixture design was used to identify the optimal proportions of BBR flour, corn flour, and red bean flour. The resulting formulations were prepared and characterized in terms of textural properties (crispiness, hardness), functional attributes (total phenolic content, resistance in milk, swelling degree), and proximate composition (moisture, ash, protein, fat, carbohydrates, and total dietary fiber). The optimal formulation comprised 29.107% BBR, 53.593% corn, and 8.300% red bean, with crispiness of 2.054 kgf, hardness of 5.821 kgf, total phenolic content of 18.350 mg GAE/g, resistance in milk of 44.326 minutes, and swelling degree of 275.216%. The product had a moisture content of 3.972%, ash of 2.519%, protein of 9.738%, total fat of 5.631%, carbohydrates of 71.078%, and total dietary fiber of 10.246%, with statistically significant model terms supporting the optimization (D optimal model). The optimized BBR–corn–red bean cereal exhibited balanced textural quality and enhanced functional properties, including high dietary fiber and phenolic content. These findings provide a basis for developing nutritionally enriched, ready to eat functional cereals from locally sourced ingredients.

Impact of Forest Fires on the Stability and Distribution of Soil Organic Matter Fractions in Agroforestry Systems

Muhammad Rizky Fahrezi — 2026-08-24

Forest fires pose a significant threat to soil ecosystems by reducing soil organic matter, which is essential for maintaining soil structure and fertility. While the effects of fire on soil physical properties have been widely studied, the relationships between POM fractions, soil biophysical properties, and vegetation remain poorly understood. This study evaluated POM content under different land-use systems in the UB Forest following fire and examined its relationships with litter production, canopy cover, bulk density, porosity, and soil texture. Three land-use systems were investigated: protected forest (HL0), unburned agroforestry (AF1), and burned agroforestry (AF2), at soil depths of 0–10 cm and 10–30 cm, with four replicates per treatment (24 samples). Data were analysed using ANOVA and correlation-regression analyses. Protected forest had the highest total POM content (5.20 g kg⁻¹), whereas burned agroforestry had the lowest (1.93 g kg⁻¹), with the coarse POM fraction showing the greatest sensitivity to fire. Fire reduced total POM by 35% in the 0–10 cm layer compared with the deeper soil layer. Total POM was positively correlated with canopy cover and porosity but negatively correlated with bulk density, while no significant relationship was found with litter production or soil texture. These findings highlight the importance of maintaining vegetation cover and enhancing soil organic matter for effective post-fire ecosystem restoration.

Characteristics of Soy-Based Kefir with the Addition of Ajwa Date Juice

Queenta Afifa Khairima — 2026-08-24

Soybeans and their derivatives, such as soy milk, have attracted researchers' attention due to their nutritional value—particularly the presence of bioactive compounds and associated health benefits—and their potential for use in fermented non-dairy products like kefir. However, soybean kefir often has lower sensory acceptability, particularly in taste, which can be improved by adding ajwa date juice. This study evaluated the effects of different concentrations of ajwa date juice (30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, and 50%) on the physical, chemical, microbiological, antioxidant, and sensory characteristics of soybean kefir. A completely randomized design with five treatments and three replications was applied, followed by Duncan's Multiple Range Test when significant differences were observed. The addition of ajwa date juice significantly affected (α = 0.05) physical properties, pH, total titratable acidity, protein content, microbiological quality, hedonic attributes (texture, aroma, and taste), and sensory scores. The 45% ajwa date juice treatment produced the best overall quality by improving the characteristic sour taste of soybean kefir, with results comparable to the 50% treatment. The selected kefir exhibited an antioxidant activity (IC₅₀) of 7,917.29 ppm and a total flavonoid content of 0.3138 mg QE/g, indicating the presence of bioactive compounds despite relatively weak antioxidant activity.

Optimizing Water Level on Japanese Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) with Unpowered Automatic Fertigator Technology (FONi)

Musyaffak Astra Nawa Ula — 2026-08-24

The Japanese cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) requires adequate and continous water supply throughout its growth period. Unpowered Automatic Fertigator (FONi) technology supplies water and nutrients based on plant water uptake without electricity. The purpose this study is to determine the optimal water level for Japanese cucumber cultivated by the FONi technologi. This study evaluated the effects of four water levels (4, 8, 12 and 16 cm) on the growth and yield of Japanese cucumber. Each level of research has 10 plant samples. Observation variables are plant length, stem diameter, number of leaves, analysis of chlorophyll, fruit weight, root length, total irrigation volume and environmental parameters. The data obtained is averaged and presented in line graph and bar graph. The results of the study with a water level of 8 cm obtained the highest results, namely plant length 231,43 cm, stem diameter 8,93 mm, number of leaves 25,5 leaves, fruit weight 394 g, root length 49,47 cm. These finding indicate that maintaining an 8 cm water level is potentially suitable for supporting Japanese cucumber growth and yield using FONi uder the tested greenhouse conditions.

Phenolic Compounds of Guava Leaves (Psidium guajava L.): Their Antimicrobial Activity and Application in Pindang Eggs

Riska Jannah Nasution — 2026-08-24

Guava leaves (Psidium guajava L.) contain phenolic compounds with potential antimicrobial activity, but their application in pindang eggs has not been scientifically validated. This study identified phenolic compounds in guava leaf extracts and evaluated their antibacterial activity and effectiveness in extending the shelf life of pindang eggs. Guava leaves were extracted by maceration and infusion (sample-to-solvent ratio 1:5), while bioactive compounds in the ethanol extract were characterized using LC-MS/MS. Antibacterial activity against Salmonella, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus was determined using the Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method, and the preservative effect was evaluated through total plate count analysis during room-temperature storage. LC-MS/MS analysis revealed the presence of flavonoids, phenolic acids, coumarins, tannins, and stilbenoids in the ethanol extract. The strongest antibacterial activity of the ethanol extract was observed against E. coli at 50% concentration, producing an inhibition zone of 12.5 ± 8.8 mm, whereas the aqueous extract showed the highest activity against Salmonella with an inhibition zone of 11.0 ± 2.2 mm. Incorporating guava leaves during egg boiling delayed detectable microbial growth until the third day of storage, while control eggs exhibited microbial growth from day 0. These results demonstrate the potential of guava leaves as a natural antibacterial agent to improve microbial stability and shelf life of pindang eggs.

Analysis of the Kinetics of Color Change and Weight Loss in Cherry Tomatoes during Hypobaric Storage

Dewi Maya Maharani — 2026-08-24

Cherry tomatoes are highly susceptible to deterioration due to rapid respiration and metabolic activity. Changes in color and weight loss are key indicators reflecting quality degradation during storage. This study aimed to analyze the effects of ozone pretreatment and variations in hypobaric storage pressure on the dynamics of color changes (L*, a*, b*, ΔE, hue, and chroma) and weight loss of cherry tomatoes during storage, as well as to determine the relationships among these quality parameters. Color evaluation was conducted using a computer vision method, while data analysis was performed using a zero-order kinetic approach. The results showed that low storage pressures (26 kPa and 64 kPa) consistently slowed changes in lightness, redness intensity, and overall color stability compared to normal atmospheric conditions (101 kPa). Meanwhile, weight loss increased with storage duration but was lower under hypobaric conditions. Based on principal component analysis (PCA), a total variance of 97.969% was obtained for ozone pretreatment combined with hypobaric storage, indicating strong correlations among the variables in the dataset. Hypobaric storage is effective in maintaining the quality of cherry tomatoes by reducing the rates of color change and weight loss, while the effect of ozone pretreatment was more limited compared to the influence of storage pressure.

Life Cycle Assessment and Life Cycle Cost Analysis of Small Scale Tempeh Industries

Nita Kuswardhani — 2026-08-24

The high activity of tempeh production has the potential to produce greenhouse gas emissions and liquid waste that impact the environment, as well as incur high operational costs. This study focuses on three tempeh MSMEs (Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises), namely Tempe Pratama, Tempe Murni AMR, and Tempe Sumber Mas. Environmental impact analysis and life cycle costs were conducted using the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and Life Cycle Cost (LCC) methods. The LCA method is used to evaluate environmental impacts, while the LCC method is used to calculate the total production costs over five years. The results of the LCA analysis show that Tempe Pratama has the highest environmental impact per kg of raw material, with a GWP value of 1.02387 Kg CO₂-eq, especially in the boiling process using firewood. The results of the LCC analysis show that operational costs are the largest component of total production costs, and the highest NPC results for 5 years were obtained in Tempe Sumber Mas at IDR. 7,492/Kg. The simultaneous application of LCA and LCC provides a comprehensive picture of the efficiency and sustainability of tempeh production. Recommendations for improvements including the use of more environmentally friendly fuels to reduce environmental impacts and long-term costs for tempeh industry.