Jurnal Teknik Pertanian Lampung (Journal of Agricultural Engineering)

Physical Properties of Extrudates Based on Corn Grit, Mocaf Flour and Gaplek Flour Using a Twin Screw Extruder with Treatment of Moisture Content and Barrel Temperature

Mon, 05 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Cassava is a commodity that has not been widely innovated on. Mocaf flour and gaplek flour can be innovated as snacks using extrusion technology. This study examined the effects of varying ratios of mocaf/gaplek flour to corn grits (0% / 10% / 20%), initial moisture content (14 / 16 / 18%), and barrel temperature (120 / 130 /140°C) on the physical properties of the extrudate and to characterize the physical properties of the extrudate using PCA analysis. Physical properties such as expansion ratio, particle density, moisture content, color (L and b*), water absorption index (WAI), water solubility index (WSI), and hardness were analyzed. The extrusion process was performed using a SYSLG-IV twin screw extruder (10 15 kg/hour capacity). The addition of mocaf/gaplek flour increased particle density, moisture content, L, and hardness but decreased the expansion ratio. Initial moisture content had a negative effect on the expansion ratio, WAI, and WSI while having positive effect on particle density, moisture content, and hardness. Increasing barrel temperature decreases the expansion ratio and moisture content but increases WAI and WSI. Extrudate treated with 14% moisture content was found to have better physical properties.

Keywords: Corn grit, Extrusion, Gaplek flour, Mocaf flour, Physical properties.

The Impact of Geometry Engineering on Combustion Efficiency and Emissions: Performance Evaluation of Axial Diffuser Tube, Perforated Distribution Node, and Symmetrical Axial Radiator

Jameel Al-Naffakh, Mohammed R. Al-Qassab, Abdulhussein H.J, Israa Jafar Jafar — Mon, 05 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

With increasing environmental concerns about emissions, improving combustion systems for alternative fuels, such as used engine oil, has become imperative. Investigating innovative burner designs to enhance fuel-air mixing, reduce emissions, and stabilize performance presents challenges due to high viscosity and incomplete combustion. However, previous research has not adequately addressed the role of burner head geometry in mitigating these problems. A combination of experimental tests and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations was used to evaluate the performance. This study aims to fill the gap by evaluating the effects of three burner head designs—axial diffuser tube, perforated distribution node, and symmetrical axial cooler—on combustion efficiency and emissions. The results indicate that the axial diffuser tube achieved the highest efficiency (94.3%) and lowest emissions (NOx: 128 ppm, CO: 52 ppm, PM: 18 μg/m3) due to uniform heat distribution and increased turbulence. The perforated distribution node showed a balanced performance, with an efficiency of 91.7% and moderate emissions (NOx: 145 ppm, CO: 65 ppm, PM: 24 μg/m³). Meanwhile, the symmetric axial cooler, designed for thermal stability, showed lower efficiency (89.6%) and higher emissions (NOx: 167 ppm, CO: 78 ppm, PM: 30 μg/m³). The results indicate the importance of burner engineering in balancing efficiency and emissions control. The results of this study support sustainable combustion technologies for industrial and domestic applications, and underscore the global transition to clean energy solutions.

Keywords: Burner head design, CFD simulations, Combustion efficiency, Emissions reduction, Geometric engineering, Waste automotive oil.

Study on Chemical Components and Antioxidant Activity of Cream Products Made of Telang Flower (Clitoria ternatea L.) and Honey

Mon, 05 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Facial skin is most often exposed to UV rays and various disorders that need special creams with active ingredients containing antioxidant properties. This study aims to determine the chemical compounds of butterfly pea or telang flower (Clitoria ternatea L.) and determine the antioxidant activity of its cream products. Six treatments consisted of ratio flower extract to honey were performed. The chemical components of telang flower were determined by GCMS method and antioxidant activity test using DPPH method. Results showed that major compound with retention at 23.989; 27.039; and 27.641 min were hexadecanoic acid, oleic acid, and octadecanoic acid with area percentage of 32.70%; 28.92%; and 15.42%, respectively. In addition, there were 5 minor compounds including palmitoyl chloride with retention 28.710 min and area of 7.07%, glycidyl palmitate (retention 18.767 min, area of 5.76%), Heptacosanol (retention 22.818 min, area of 3.01%), Nitroisobutylglycerol (retention 18.059 min, area of 4.50%), and Hydroxymethylfurfural (retention 14.324 min, area of 2.61%). Based on the antioxidant activity test, the highest antioxidant activity results were found in cream formulation 1 (F1) with an IC50 of 3.906 μg/mL, followed by cream formulation 2 (F2) which has antioxidant activity after of 6.532 μg/mL.

Keywords: Antioxidant activity, Telang flower, DPPH, GCMS, Honey.

Biosorption Performance of Biochar from Exhausted Kahwa Coffee on Cadmium Removal Under Various Operational Parameters

Mon, 05 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The primary goal of this study was to investigate the biosorption performance of biochar derived from exhausted kahwa coffee (EKC) on removing heavy metal ion, Cd²⁺ in the solution. The operational parameters, for instance pH, dosage and contact time, were varied in a certain range and the efficiency and the capacity of removal were determined. The pH was in a range of 5 – 11, while the biochar dosage in a range of 0.075 – 0.15 g and the contact time was in between 30 – 180 minutes. The batch biosorption test showed that the EKC biochar had higher removal performance in alkaline condition, with a proposed pH of 10. Meanwhile, the applied dosage showed that addition of 0.1 g EKC biochar was more effective than adding more dosage. Furthermore, the batch experiments showed that 60 minutes of biosorption process resulted in more effective removal compared to the longer biosorption time. According to the ANOVA analysis on the three conditions, it was shown that the pH and contact time had significant effects on the removal performance of EKC biochar on cadmium ion in the solution.

Keywords: Biochar, biosorption, Exhausted kahwa coffee, Heavy metal ion, Operational parameters.

Drying Characteristics of Pine Wood (Pinus merkusii Jungh. et de Vriese) Using Hot Air, Infrared, and Combined Infrared-Hot Air

Yefri Chan, Dwi Aries Himawanto, Budi Kristiawan, Indri Yaningsih, Erwin Erwin — Mon, 05 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This research aims to determine the drying characteristics of Merkusii pine wood (Pinus merkusii Jungh. et de Vriese) using three methods, including the hot air drying, infrared, and combined infrared-hot air. The drying characteristics included temperature distribution, reduction in moisture content, drying rate, wood surface temperature distribution, and specific energy consumption (SEC). The results show that the combined infrared-hot air drying method produces a faster drying time and the highest drying rate compared to the only hot air or only infrared drying method. The fastest drying time was 345 min at a treatment temperature of 90°C, air velocity of 3 m/s, and the greatest drying rate was 0.429 gr/min at a temperature of 80°C, air velocity of 3 m/s. Additionally, the combined infrared hot air method produces a more uniform temperature distribution on the wood surface and lower specific energy consumption, specifically 1027.15 MJ/kg.

Keywords: Drying, Hot air, Infrared, Temperature.

Effects of Leaf Pruning and Nitrogen Fertilizer Application on the Growth and Yield of Sweet Corn (Zea mays saccharata Sturt)

Riska Widiya Puteri, Didik Utomo Pribadi, Agus Sulistyono — Fri, 09 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Sweet corn production in Indonesia is relatively low due to instability and many factors, including infestation of pests and diseases, inappropriate and inefficient cultivation techniques, and the varieties. Pruning the leaves below the cob and applying nitrogen fertilizer may improve yield. The aim of this research was to investigate the combined effect of leaf pruning and types of nitrogen fertilizer on the growth and yield of sweet corn plants. A plot experiment was performed in a Randomized Block Design with 2 factors, namely leaf pruning (no pruning, 1 leaf remaining, 2 leaves remaining, and 3 leaves remaining below the cob), and types of N fertilizer (Urea 4.5 g/plant, ZA fertilizer 9.6 g/plant, and KNO₃ fertilizer 15.5 g/plant). Results showed that the best type of N source was KNO₃ fertilizer with fresh weight of dehusked cobs (217.68 g), cob diameter (44.84mm), and sugar content (16.26%). Combination treatment of KNO₃ fertilizer and the 3 leaves remaining provided the best results on the parameters of fresh weight of husked cobs (308.50 g), cob length (18.83 cm), weight of husked cobs (10.12 kg/plot), and yield of husked cobs (28.11 ton/ha).

Keywords: Cultivation, Fertilizer, Nitrogen, Productivity, Sweet corn.

Bangka Sago as A Superior Starch Source: Processing, Morphology, Chemical Properties, and Heavy Metal Content

Shafira Pratiwi, Edi Santosa, Mochamad Hasjim Bintoro — Fri, 09 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Indonesia has significant potential for food diversification through the development of sago as an alternative carbohydrate source. This study aims to analyze the processing methods, morphological characteristics, chemical properties, and heavy metal content of local sago in Bangka and Bangka Tengah Regencies. The research was conducted across six villages from November 2023 to March 2024, with chemical and heavy metal testing performed in accredited laboratories. The results indicate that modern processing methods produce high quality starch with a starch content ranging from 79.06% to 83.73% and heavy metal levels such as tin (Sn), lead (Pb), and cadmium (Cd) below the established safety limits, making it safe for consumption. Morphologically, habitat differences influence the physical characteristics of sago, such as trunk height, bark thickness, and leaf area, which affect starch productivity. The study also identifies that environmental factors, including nutrient availability and soil moisture levels, influence the chemical composition of sago. This research provides a scientific foundation for the integrated management of sago, supporting national food diversification efforts and opening opportunities for the development of sago based products that meet national quality standards (SNI) with an environmentally friendly approach. These findings are relevant for stakeholders in optimizing sago's potential as a strategic commodity contributing to national food security.

Keywords: Food diversification, Heavy metal, Sago, Starch content, Sustainable agriculture.

Performance Test of Sieving Machine and Physical Characteristics of Corn Grits Production

Sutarsi Sutarsi, Ridwan Irianto — Fri, 09 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Corn grits can be used as a substitute for rice as a staple food. This is based on the nutritional content of corn grits and also rice is a food ingredient that is dense in energy in its processing. Sieving is an important operating unit in addition to size reduction and cleaning which is intended to obtain a certain particle size in the manufacture of corn grits. The use of a sieving machine in selecting the size of corn grits determines the quality of the product. The size of corn grits also determines the level of public preference. The purpose of this study was to analyze the performance of the sieving machine and the physical quality characteristics of the resulting corn grits. The treatment variables of the study included the machine rotation speed (A) of 240, 320, 520 RPM and the sieving duration (B) of 10, 15, 20 minutes. Data analysis used ANOVA and DMRT Test. The combination of treatments (machine rotation speed and sieving duration) gave a significant difference to the sieving capacity. The treatment of rotation speed of 520 RPM and sieving duration of 20 minutes gave the largest sieving capacity of 94.66 kg/hour, sieving yield of 90%; water content of 13%, angle of repose of 0,62 radian (35,54ᵒ), and size distribution (D) of 1.78 mm.

Keywords: Corn grits, Duration, Sieving performance, Physical characteristics, Rotation speed.

Quality Assessment and Comparative Analysis of Malinau Coffee Among Indonesian Specialty Coffees

Sat, 10 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Malinau Robusta coffee demonstrates untapped potential within the specialty coffee market. This study aims to evaluate the quality of Malinau coffee comprehensively and benchmark it against prominent specialty coffees such as Gayo, Toraja, and Kintamani. A descriptive quantitative method was employed to analyze critical parameters including caffeine content, moisture level, defect value, impurity level, grain size, and flavor profile. Coffee samples were gained from nine coffee-producing villages in Malinau Regency, involving 28 farmers covering 190 ha of coffee plantations. The results identified distinct strengths of Malinau coffee, notably its low moisture level (10.2%) and high caffeine content (1.94%) among the samples, offering a strong and intense flavor profile including chocolatey, a bitter aftertaste, and fruity undertones. Challenges for Malinau coffee includes high defect value (65.7/300 g) and impurity level (0.6%), which undermine its marketability in premium segments. To bring Malinau coffee up to par with other established specialty coffees, improvements in post harvest handling are needed, particularly sorting, quality control and consistent processes methods. By adopting innovative cultivation and processing, Malinau coffee holds strong potential as a competitor of specialty coffee, both for domestic and global markets while highlighting its unique regional identity.

Keywords: Malinau coffee, North Kalimantan, Quality improvement, Robusta, Specialty coffee.

Application of ANP Method and Fuzzy Inference System on New Product Selection and Production Capacity Determination of Fish Canning

Fri, 09 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Jember State Polytechnic has a fish canning teaching factory with a productivity of 7 q of fish per production. The canned fish product is a superior product, but the quality and type of products produced are low quality and less desirable. Therefore, product diversification is needed to increase the added value of canned fish. The fluctuating production capacity at teaching factory (TeFa) Fish Canning is an obstacle in determining production capacity according to market demand. The aim of this research is to diversify products and optimize fish canning products. This research was carried out using two methods, namely selecting superior products for TeFa fish canning using the Analytical Network Process (ANP) method and determining production capacity using the Fuzzy Inference System (FIS)-Tsukamoto method. The research results show that TeFa fish canning's superior product was determined by considering 4 criteria and 12 sub-criteria to produce tongkol balado with the highest weight value and followed by sardines with chili sauce, yellow seasoning tuna, and tuna salt solution. Simulation results for optimizing canned fish production are 5.7863 q/day which provides the optimum supply of canned fish.

Keywords: Analytic Network Process (ANP), Fish canning, Fuzzy Inference System (FIS) Tsukamoto, New product selection, Production capacity.

Evaluation of Eucheuma cottonii and Gracilaria sp. as Food Buffer for The Ibu Kota Nusantara (IKN) Based on Proximate Analysis

Fri, 09 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

East Kalimantan Province has great opportunities as a buffer for the IKN economy based on the utilization of marine potential. Eucheuma cottonii and Gracilaria sp. are the red seaweeds (Rhodophyta) most widely cultivated in Indonesia. This study aims to analyze the proximate content in two types of red seaweed, namely E. cottonii (offshore cultivation) and Gracilaria sp. (pond cultivation) obtained from farmers in dry conditions cultivated around the waters of Balikpapan, East Kalimantan, Indonesia. The results of the analysis showed significant differences between cultivation locations. Gracilaria sp. (pond cultivation) taken from Handil (HTK) and Babulu Laut (BALUKE) is considered potential because it has low water content (HTK 26.99 ± 0.02%), and has higher ash content (BALUKE 31.18 ± 0.41%), fat (BALUKE 0.36 ± 0.01%), protein (BALUKE 10.01 ± 0.01%), and crude fiber (HTK 1.90 ± 0.16%) compared to E. cottonii. These findings provide important information for the development of seaweed as a natural resource for the food and health industries.

Keywords: Eucheuma cottonii, Food industry, Gracilaria sp., proximate content, Red seaweeds

Physicochemical and Functional Characteristics of Analog Rice Made from Local Cassava and Red Kidney Bean

Fri, 09 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Nuabosi cassavas and Inerie red kidney beans are local foods from East Nusa Tenggara whose processing is relatively limited, but they have the potential to be developed into analog rice. This study aims to determine the effects of various compositions of Nuabosi cassava flour and Inerie red kidney bean flour on the characteristics of the produced analog rice. The procedure was conducted in three main stages: the preparation of cassava flour and red beans, formulation and production, and analysis. Various compositions of Nuabosi cassavas flour and Inerie red kidney beans were used: 98:0 (A); 88:10 (B); 83:15 (C); 78:20 (D); 73:25 (E). The data were analyzed by ANOVA, followed by DMRT at a 5% significance level. The results of the study showed, analog rice sample D (78% cassavas flour: 20% red kidney beans flour) has the best physicochemical and antioxidant activity characteristics of all samples. Furthermore, the sensory analysis results showed that most panelists had started to like the aroma, taste, and texture of analog rice made from 78% cassavas flour and 20% red kidney beans flour. Analog rice made from Nuabosi cassavas and Inerie red kidney beans has the potential to be developed as a functional food.

Keywords: Kriging interpolation; MSFI; paddy field; soil fertility index, soil mapping.

Interpolation of Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) Concentration in A River Using Ordinary Kriging Method

Sri Wahyuningsih, Idah Andriyani, Dian Purbasari, Trioda Rizqi Nurcahyo — Fri, 09 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Water quality is a key indicator related to the sustainability of living things in a watershed. However, human activities have led to a decline in the water quality caused by industrial, domestic and agricultural waste. This study aims to predict the pattern of TDS parameters at unsampled points through a geostatistical approach, namely Kriging. Experimental measuements were conducted in the Bedadung River, Jember Regency, especially in a segment of Patrang to Wuluhan sub-districts. Currently, the river is classified as Class 3, which is below the standard, one of the water quality parameters is TDS (Total Dissolved Solid). The TDS estimation results were obtained in the range of 48.26 mg/L - 175.52 mg/L. The predicted value of TDS using the kriging method at unsampled points resulted in an RRMSE value of 8.40 %. This study revealed that the water quality of Bedadung River from Patrang to Wuluhan sub-districts was still below Class 2 standards, emphasizing the need for continuous monitoring and improvement efforts.

Keywords: Ordinary kriging, River water quality, Semivariogram, Total dissolved solid.

Study of Spray Fogging Performance Using a Combination of Fogging Machine, Electric Sprayer, and Air Blower

Gatot Pramuhadi, Josua Natanael, Nenda Fuji Putri Daliesta — Fri, 09 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This study aims to determine and analyze the parameters of spray fogging performance for the application of pesticide fog. Air blower spraying performance can be increased by regulating the type of fan and type of air blower. Setting the type of fan in air blower is axial fan and centrifugal combined with cone of 4, 6, and 8 holes. The most optimum combination of the test treatment is the combination of axial fan air blower and 4-hole cone. Spray fogging can be increased by adjusting the combination spray angle between fogging machines and air blowers at various observation distances. The combination spray angle setting is angle of 15°, 30°, and 45° and the observation distance of 1 meter to 4 meters. The results of the analysis and determination of spray fogging performance parameters produce an angle of 45° as the most optimum spray angle from the observation distance of 1 meter to 4 meters. This is indicated by the average value of the droplet diameter of 78.74 μm, a 70 droplet/cm2 droplet density, an air flow speed of 1.97 m/s, and the temperature of the flocking of 31.8℃.

Keywords: Air blower, Droplets, Fogging, Nozzle, Spray.

Physical and Chemical Analysis of Anchovy Nuggets with Additional Moringa and Cassava Leaves to Prevent Stunting

Windi Habsari, Dita Ayu Lestari, Willcent Twinatmaja Hartanto — Wed, 21 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Supplementation of moringa and cassava leaves in anchovy nuggets has can improve nutrition value. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of moringa and cassava leaves in enriching nutrition of anchovy nugget. The experiment was performed with five compositions (anchovy:moringa leaves:cassava leaves), namely F0 (100:0:0), F1 (96:2:2), F2 (92:4:4), F3 (88:6:6) and F4 (84:8:8). The physical parameters included color analysis and organoleptic test using 5 points hedonic test involved 25 panelist. Nutritional content was determined through proximate analysis. Results show that addition of moringa and cassava leaves decreased the color of anchovy nuggets, except the yellowness which was significantly increased in F3 treatment. The highest protein content was obtained from F4 formulation, the highest carbohydrate content was given by F3 and F4 treatments, and the lowest fat content was provided by nuggets from F3 and F4. The highest organoleptic score was F0 for taste, F2 and F3 for flavor, F3 for color, and F3 and F4 for overall scores. The supplementation of leaves generate unpleasant flavor. The addition of 6 g moringa and cassava leaves improve nutritional value of anchovy nuggets with acceptable sensory attributes that can be employed to solve stunting problem.

Keywords: Anchovy nugget, Cassava leaf, Moringa leaf, Physico–chemical, Stunting.

Secondary Metabolites of Babandotan (Ageratum conyzoides L.) and Putri Malu (Mimosa pudica L.) to Control Fall Armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda)

Dewi Anggraini, Wiwin Windriyanti, Sri Wiyatiningsih — Wed, 21 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Corn (Zea mays) production in Indonesia has experienced fluctuations due to infestations of the fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda). Utilizing botanical pesticides derived from Ageratum conyzoides (Babandotan) and Mimosa pudica (Putri Malu) is a method to control the fall armyworm and maintain stable corn production. This study aims to identify the active compounds and determine the effective concentration of A. conyzoides and M. pudica extracts in reducing S. frugiperda populations. The research was conducted from June to November 2024 at the Pest Laboratory of the UPT Plant Protection Unit in Surabaya. The study was designed using a Completely Randomized Design with a single factor: different concentrations of plant extracts, replicated five times. Observed parameters included phytochemical tests, GC-MS compound screening, larval symptoms, mortality rate, pupae formation, and imago formation. The results showed that A. conyzoides and M. pudica extracts at the highest concentration (1%) significantly affected mortality rates, pupation, and adult emergence. Both extracts contained flavonoids, tannins, and triterpenoids, which effectively controlled S. frugiperda populations.

Keywords: Bioinsecticide, Spodoptera frugiperda, Zea mays.

Effect of Microclimate Temperature and Relative Humidity on the Postharvest Quality of Coconut Sap and Sugar

Wed, 21 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Coconut sap, increasingly recognized as a functional sweetener, is highly perishable and influenced by environmental conditions during postharvest handling, yet the specific impacts of microclimatic variables such as temperature and relative humidity (RH) on sap and sugar quality remain inadequately studied. This research investigates the effects of RH and temperature on key physicochemical parameters of coconut sap—pH, Brix, and density—and evaluates their influence on coconut sugar quality, focusing on moisture, ash content, and color. Sap was collected biweekly in Central Java over a five-week period and analyzed in conjunction with environmental data recorded using an IoT-based weather station. Increased RH was significantly associated with decreased sap pH (r = –0.482, p = 0.007) and showed a weak negative correlation with Brix. Density remained stable across varying RH levels. Although temperature showed visual trends in sap quality parameters, statistical analysis did not reveal significant correlations, likely due to the narrow temperature range during the observation period. Throughout sugar processing, TSS increased consistently across boiling, saturation, and oversaturation stages. Final sugar blocks maintained stable moisture (6–8%) and ash content (1.8–2.2%), with color variations reflecting Maillard and caramelization reactions. Maintaining RH below 85% is recommended to preserve sap quality and product consistency.

Keywords: Coconut sap, Coconut sugar, Postharvest quality, Relative humidity, Temperature.

Design and Performance Test of Corn Seeder Integrated with Fertilizer Applicator

Wed, 21 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Along with the increasing demand for corn in the country, the use of agricultural tools and machines to increase corn productivity is very important. Therefore, this study aims to design and test the performance of a corn seeder integrated with fertilizer applicator. This tool is designed using the principles of agricultural mechanics. The research stages began with conducting a feasibility study, designing a prototype of the tool, then conducting performance testing on agricultural land. The results showed that the majority of farmers considered this tool very effective and efficient to use compared to a digging tool. The results of the performance test on farmers' land also showed that this tool was able to plant corn seeds with uniform depth and spacing and distribute fertilizer evenly. All components of the corn seeder function properly, so it is suitable for use to increase the productivity of corn farmers' land. This corn seeder has met the category requirements as a corn seeder and fertilizer applicator with a manual operating system. The application of this corn seeder has the potential to increase land productivity and can facilitate the process of planting corn seeds.

Keywords: Corn seeders, Corn, Land productivity, Planting holes, Respondents.

Design and Technical Evaluation of a Tempeh Slicer Using Stainless Steel Rotating Disc with Three Curved Blades

Wed, 21 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

A tempeh chips slicing machine has been developed. This machine was developed based from the results of the previous research. The main slicing component is a stainless steel rotating disc equipped with three curved knives. With this knives geometry arrangement, slicing can be done at high speed. High speed is possible due to the absence of reciprocating motion and due to smooth cutting strokes. A variable speed 550W brush less direct current motor was employed to power the slicing mechanism. The machine was tested at motor speed of 500, 600, 700, 800 and 900 rpm. Across all speeds, the machine consistently produced chips of 1 mm thickness that is in compliance with industrial requirement. The machine produced up to 96% of intact slices, with slicing capacity of 53 kg/h (692 slices/min) and a very low electric power consumption ranged from 23 W (at 500 rpm) to 60 W (at 900 rpm). The machine can slice several chip solid materials with good results, therefore it has the potential to be developed into a multi purpose chip slicer.

Keywords: Curved rotary knife, Low power consumption, Slicer, Slicing machine, Tapioca tempeh chip.

Predicting Oil Content of Palm Fruit Based on its Electrical Properties

Verra Mellyana, I Wayan Budiastra, Irmansyah Irmansyah, Yohanes Aris Purwanto — Wed, 21 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The oil content of oil palm fruit is a crucial parameter that must be determined before harvest, as it directly impacts crude palm oil (CPO) quality and processing efficiency. The conventional chemical method for oil content determination is costly and time consuming. This study aims to develop a non-destructive, accurate, and rapid method for predicting oil content in oil palm fruit based on its electrical properties. Measurements of electrical properties were taken across frequencies of 50 Hz to 5 MHz. Oil content of samples were determined by chemical method. Some pre-treatments of electrical properties were carried out and the pre-treated electrical properties were calibrated with reference oil content using simple linear regression and partial least squares regression. Linear regression model showed moderate accuracy (r = 0.61–0.81), with RMSE values between 9.54% and 12.99%. PLS regression models using admittance (r = 0.99, R² = 0.98, SEP 2.20%, RPD 7.99), resistance (r = 0.98, R² = 0.97, SEP 2.62%, RPD 5.56), and impedance (r = 0.98, R² = 0.95, SEP 3.16%, RPD 4.68) produced high prediction accuracy. The results confirm that electrical properties can be used to predict oil content in oil palm fruit rapidly and non destructively.

Keywords: Electrical properties, Linear regression, Oil content, PLS.

Institutional Performance and Utilization of Farm Machinery to Enhance Productivity and Income of Rice Farmers

Wed, 21 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The utilization of technology in the agricultural industry is significantly growing recently. This is mostly due to its ability to enhance labor and land productivity, while simultaneously reducing production costs. The objective of this study is to examine the institutional performance and utilization of farm machinery (alsintan) by rice farmers, and to investigate the correlation between institutional performance and alsintan usage on the productivity and income of rice farmers. The study was carried out in two villages in the Central Lampung Regency, namely Rengas Village in Bekri District, and Trimurjo Village in Trimurjo District. Rice farmers in both villages actively utilized alsintan operated under the alsintan service unit (UPJA). The study findings indicate a strong and meaningful correlation between institutional performance and the utilization of alsintan with productivity and income level of tarmers. Alsintan technology directly impacted productivity and revenue with coefficients of 0.63 and 0.60, with confidence levels of 99.9% and 99.7%, respectively. Institutional performance indirectly affected them with a coefficient of 0.30 and a confidence level of 99.99%. The integration of enhancing institutional performance with the optimization of alsintan technology can foster the enhancement of other factors, such as human resource performance, group member involvement, and external environmental support.

Keywords: Alsintan, Institutional, Optimization.

Estimating Crop Water Requirements to Evaluate Cropping Patterns for Agriculture on Post-Tin Mining Land

Wed, 21 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Utilization of degraded land, such as post-mining land, for agricultural purposes necessitates significant effort, particularly land and water management. This study focuses on estimating crop water requirements (CWR), a crucial step in evaluating suitable cropping patterns for agricultural development on post-tin mining in Bangka Island. The CWR and effective rainfall (EF) of rice, cassava, and peanuts were estimated using meteorological data between 2019 and 2023. The CWR was calculated using Penman-Monteith method, while EF was determined using the USDA SCS Method. The results indicate that average potential evapotranspiration (ETo) from 2019 to 2023 varied across years. The highest ETo values were predicted as 5.6 to 5.8 mm/day, while the lowest value was estimated at 4.3 mm/day. Rice and peanut cultivation require supplemental irrigation since EF is insufficient to meet CWR. Cassava, is more suitable, with EF generally fulfilling its CWR. This study provide useful information for developing adaptive strategies that account for the effects of climatic conditions and different cropping pattern, particularly in degraded areas. Furthermore, crop selection that is adapted to the degraded area offers a long-term solution for rehabilitating degraded areas.

Keywords: Agriculture, Degraded soil, Irrigation, Yield.

Resistance of Streptomyces spp. Isolates towards Active Ingredients of the Nematicide Carbofuran and Dazomet, and its Effect on the Mortality of Nematodes Meloidogyne spp.

Siti Fatimatus Syahrok, Penta Suryaminarsih, Sri Wiyatiningsih — Sun, 15 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The decrease in tomato plant production is caused by pest and disease attacks, one of which is the nematode Meloidogyne spp. Control measures still rely on synthetic nematicides, which can have negative effects on health, a broad spectrum of impact, microbial diversity, and resistance to attacks by Meloidogyne spp. Therefore, alternative control using biological agents that are resistant to the active ingredients of nematicides (carbofuran and dazomet) and have the ability to inhibit attacks by Meloidogyne spp. is needed. This study aims to test the resistance of Streptomyces spp. isolates to the active ingredients of synthetic nematicides, carbofuran and dazomet, and evaluate their effect on the mortality of Meloidogyne spp. nematodes. The method used is in vitro with the poisoned food technique and nematicidal activity testing against juvenile nematodes. The results show that the TMP isolate has better resistance than SP against carbofuran, with the second highest colony count of 11.47 × 10⁶ CFU/ml. Meanwhile, dazomet significantly inhibited the growth of Streptomyces spp. colonies. The mortality test showed that the TMP isolate was able to achieve a mortality rate of 59.01% in Meloidogyne spp. This proves the potential of Streptomyces spp. as a biological agent in nematode control and its resistance to nematicide residue active ingredients, making it an environmentally friendly alternative in agricultural practices.

Keywords: Biological agent, Carbofuran, Dazomet, Meloidogyne spp., Streptomyces spp.

Enhancing Sustainability in Packaging: Response Surface Optimized Sago Pith Waste Biocomposites with PBAT and MDI

Sun, 15 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This study aims to optimize the biocomposites of sago pith waste (SPW) for sustainable packaging applications. The biocomposite was prepared using the biodegradable polymer polybutylene adipate-co-terephthalate (PBAT) as a matrix and methylendifenyl diisocyanate (MDI) as a chain extender. RSM-CCD was used to assess the impact of the incorporation of SPW (5-20% p/p) and MDI (1–5%) into the PBAT matrix on the tensile strength and elongation of biocomposites by melt mixing. The optimal formula shown by RSM was 5% SPW and 5% MDI, which resulted in a 5.14 MPa tensile strength and 8.14% elongation. The barrier properties of all treatments, including moisture content, contact angle, and water absorption, were checked. The optimal formula showed good barrier properties compared to other treatments: water content of 3.12%, contact angle of 42.84°, and water absorption of 0.82%. Other characterizations of SEM, FTIR, DSC, TGA, and biodegradability tests showed an increase in SPW-PBAT compatibility due to the use of MDI. MDI as a chain extender had a positive impact on the material's strength, and the addition of SPW accelerated the degradation process, thus improving biodegradability.

Keywords: Biocomposite, Chain extender, Melt-mixing, Response Surface Methodology, Sago pith waste.

Engineering Properties of Durian Seed Strach (Durio zibethinus Murr.) Resulted from Convection Oven Drying

Dian Purbasari, Dini Suharyati Iskandar — Sun, 15 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Durian seed is part of the durian fruit that has many benefits but are often considered useless. Durian seeds have the potential to be developed for its use because it contains high starch. This study analyzes the physical characteristics of durian seed starch from convection oven drying. This study used a completely randomized design with two factorials: deposition time (24 and 48 h) and drying temperature (60, 70, and 80℃). Durian seed starch was processed by drying and crushing, then sieved with 100 mesh size. The data analysis used was a two-way ANOVA test followed by Duncan's. The results of ANOVA analysis of different drying temperatures affect the value of water content, yellowness (b), grain average (D), water absorption (DSA), and yield. At the same time, the length of deposition in the process of making starch affects the value of yield variables. The results of durian seed starch characterization resulted in the highest moisture content value of 6.26%; brightness value of 92.92; reddish value of 2.06; yellowish value of 2.24; water absorption value of 1.28 ml/g; and yield value of b16.03%.

Keywords: Convection oven, Drying, Durian seed, Starch.

Assessment of Soil Quality Index Based on Chemical Properties at Various Land Use and Criticality Levels

Diva Nuri Latifah, Maroeto Maroeto, Purwadi Purwadi — Sun, 15 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Land damage will reduce the quality of land function and increase the area of critical land. Land use in the Manten Subwatershed cause changes land function that have the potential to increase the criticality level of a land. This study aims to measure the soil quality index from the chemical aspect of critical land in the Manten Subwatershed. Surveys at sampling points were conducted on three types of land use (kaleyard, rice fields, and dry fields) combined with three levels of critical conditions (not critical, critical, and potentially critical). Each combination was carried out at three locations, involving 27 sampling points. Soil quality indicators measured in terms of chemistry include soil pH, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and soil organic matter content. The results of the study showed that all sampling points had a very low soil quality index with an SQI score between 0.06 and 0.122 and an average pH that tended to be low (<6), N-total content of 0.137%-0.308%, phosphorus of 70.97-655.66 ppm, exchangeable potassium of 0.490-2.690 me/100 g, and organic matter 0.023%-0.044%. The practice of adding organic matter needs to be implemented to improve soil quality.

Keywords: Critical Land, Land Use, Chemical Properties, Soil Quality Index, Sub Watershed.

Fulfillment of Distribution Permit Requirements for Yoghurt MSMEs

Rini Prastyanty, Winiati P. Rahayu, Nur Wulandari — Sun, 15 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) face challenges in obtaining distribution permits from the Indonesian Food and Drug Authority (BPOM) for food produced domestically, due to their limited knowledge and competence in implementing good manufacturing practices (GMP) and preparing the registration requirements. This study aimed to: (1) improve the achievement of GMP implementation in yoghurt MSMEs in preparation to get distribution permits; and (2) verify the fostering results of yoghurt MSMEs through microbiological testing. Field observations and interviews were conducted over the owner or manager of seven yoghurt MSMEs using assessment form, and mentoring program was developed to help the MSMEs fulfill permit requirements. Verification was done through microbiological testing. Results of the study showed that yogurt enterprises with ratings A, B, and C were found to have one MSME each (14.3%), while four MSMEs (57.1%) were at D ratings. The mentoring program for two MSMEs (A and B ratings) showed the decrease of unconformities and increase of MSME rating from B to A. The mentoring program has been successful in bringing the two MSMEs to fulfill all registration requirements for processed food distribution permit. The result of the Salmonella test on yoghurt samples was negative, and the presence of Enterobacteriaceae was within the permissible limits (<10 colonies/g).

Keywords: GMP, MSME, Processed food, Distribution permit, Yoghurt.

Intentions and Behavior of the Youth to Work in the Agricultural Sector

Likin Ruhkmauddin, Nuhfil Hanani, Fitria Dina Riana — Sun, 15 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The agricultural sector in Indonesia holds significant business potential, contributing 9.82% to GDP from 2018 to 2021. Despite its importance, this sector faces challenges such as high business risks, social inequalities, and a lack of young farmer regeneration. This study aims to analyze the influence of attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control on the intentions and behaviors of young people working in agriculture. The study was conducted in Kliteh Village, Malo District, Bojonegoro Regency, with 100 respondents aged 17-35 years. The method used was a survey with a simple random sampling technique and data analysis using Structural Equation Modeling-Partial Least Square. Findings indicate that attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control positively and significantly influence of intention and behavior of young people to working in agriculture. Additionally, intentions also positively and significantly influence behaviors of young people in the agricultural sector. This research highlights the importance of supporting positive attitudes, social norms, and perceived behavioral control to enhance participation of young people participation in agricultural sector.

Keywords: Agricultural Sector, Behavior, Intent, SEM-PLS, Young Generation.

The Use of Organic Fertilizer to Enhance Soil Water Availability and Promote the Growth of Tomatoes in Sandy Loam Soils

Abdul Rahman, Danang Widjajanto — Sun, 15 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The use of organic fertilizer has been shown to improve soil structure and promote plant root growth, particularly in critical areas with limited water resources for agricultural activities. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of organic fertilizer application on the soil’s water holding capacity and the growth performance of tomato. The experiment was conducted using a randomized complete blocs design with six treatments, each replicated three times. The treatments included P0 (0 Mg/ha), P1 (5 Mg/ha), P2 (10 Mg/ha), P3 (15 Mg/ha), P4 (20 Mg/ha), and P5 (25 Mg/ha). The findings revealed that organic fertilizer application significantly influenced soil organic carbon levels, bulk density, hydraulic conductivity, and soil water availability. Additionally, the increased soil organic carbon led to noticeable improvements in shoot dry weight, total root length, and root dry weight of tomatoes. This study found that the availability of organic carbon has very strong correlation with tomatoes growth and soil water availability.

Keywords: Organic Carbon, Sandy Soils Texture, Soil Structure, Water Retention.

Efficacy of Endophytic Bacteria as Entomopathogens against Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidotera: Noctuidae) on Corn (Zea mays L.)

Kurniawati Kurniawati, Arika Purnawati, Wiwin Windriyanti — Sun, 15 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) poses a problem for corn plants (Zea mays L.). The use of endophytic bacteria Bacillus sp. as an entomopathogen is expected to control the S. frugiperda pest. This study aims to determine the effective concentration of the bacteria and the active compounds produced by Bacillus sp. strain Bth 22 in controlling S. frugiperda. The research was conducted from August to October 2024 at the Plant Health Laboratory of the Faculty of Agriculture, UPN "Veteran" East Java, and the Airlangga Research Hub in Surabaya. The study was designed using a completely randomized design (CRD) with bacterial concentration treatments of 0% (control), 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, and 35%, repeated five times. Observational parameters included mortality rate, number of pupae and imago formed, as well as the mechanisms and compounds produced by Bacillus bacteria based on HPLC and FT-IR tests. The application of Bacillus sp. Bth-22 affected the mortality parameters, the number of pupae formed, and the number of imago formed. The Bacillus sp. Bth-22 bacteria produced metabolites in the form of hydrocarbon derivatives and amide group compounds, disrupting metabolism and digestion, leading to the mortality of S. frugiperda.

Keywords: Entomopathogen, Metabolite compounds, Spodoptera frugiperda, Zea mays

Potential Drought of Agricultural Land Due to Soil Damage Based on Land Mapping Unit

Fri, 20 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Sediment deposition in the upstream river areas can cause drought and disrupt agricultural activities. This study aims to analyze the potential for drought in the Keduang Sub Watershed based on the Land Map Unit. The Keduang Sub-Watershed area has high potential for the development of agricultural land for food crops, but is not free from the potential for drought. The study was conducted using a soil survey method that was strengthened by soil sampling and laboratory analysis. Parameters for determining soil damage that causes the potential for land drought include soil physical properties, namely specific gravity, structure, soil color, porosity, permeability, slope, and soil type. The results showed that the potential for drought at the research location was still high. This is influenced by the level of soil damage that varies from low, medium to high. Land drought can be an obstacle to agricultural activities, and improper land management can worsen the situation. Conservative actions to overcome this problem include the addition of organic matter, crop rotation, application of soil cover or mulch, and processing agricultural land according to the contour direction. These activities are expected to overcome soil damage so that the potential for drought can be overcome.

Keywords: Conservation activities, Land drought, Physic soil properties, Soil damage.

Performance of a Moringa Leaf Dehumidification Drying System Using Peltier Effect Thermoelectric Cooling

Mhd Iqbal Nusa, Budi Suarti, Muhammad Said Siregar — Fri, 20 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The study focuses on a drying system that integrates a rack-type convective dryer with a Peltier effect thermoelectric cooler to optimize the drying process of moringa leaves. This system is designed to achieve lower drying temperatures, which is essential for preserving the quality of the leaves. To evaluate the performance of this dryer, researchers use temperature and relative humidity data to construct a programmed psychrometric diagram. This diagram helps in calculating crucial parameters such as the absolute humidity and the specific volume of the drying air. These calculations are essential in determining the drying rate of moringa leaves. The results indicated that moringa leaves dried on drying rack-1 exhibited a higher drying rate compared to those on drying rack-2. Additionally, a drying air speed of 2.1 m/sec yielded a superior drying rate compared to a lower air speed of 1.5 m/sec. After 5.0 hours of drying, the Moringa leaves achieved a moisture content of 8.6% (wb) with a drying air speed of 2.1 m/sec, 9.3% (wb) with a speed of 2.6 m/sec, and 13.9% (wb) with a drying air speed of 1.5 m/sec. The drying process maintains a maximum temperature 59.3°C, placing it within the low-temperature drying category, which helps preserve the physicochemical quality of the dried Moringa leaves.

Keywords: Dehumidification drying, Peltier effect thermoelectric cooling, Moringa leaves, Programmed Psychrometric Calculations.

Analysis of Load Testing on the Fresh Fruit Bunch Catching Component of the Electric Bunch Harvester (E-Bhar) Machine and its Impact on Fresh Fruit Bunch Quality

Miftah Ghiffari, Sam Herodian, Agus Sutejo — Fri, 20 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This study aims to test the loading on the catcher components of the E-Bhar machine, as well as estimate the bruise index (BI) and free fatty acids (FFA) in the Fresh Fruit Bunches (FFB) caught. The loading test was conducted by dropping artificial FFB weighing 35 kg from a height of 1 m for 16 trials to analyze the deformation that occurred on the catcher components. Additionally, the BI was manually observed based on variations in the height of the FFB during harvesting. The results showed that an increase in the dropping height of the FFB caused an increase in potential force, which impacted the damage to the FFB. The potential force simulation results on the E-Bhar machine's catcher components ranged from 143.35 N to 2300.38 N, with BI values between 2.38 and 6.69. The maximum BI of 6.69 at a height of 10 m indicates damage approaching the critical value, thus threatening the quality of the FFB. The percentage of FFA ranged from 2.30% to 7.85%, exceeding the maximum limit of 5% set by the palm oil mill according to (SNI 01-2901-1992). These findings emphasize the advantage of using the catcher components in the E-Bhar machine to maintain good quality of the harvested FFB.

Keywords: Bruise index, Catcher component, Deformation, Free fatty acids, Load testing.

Drying Characteristics of Cayenne Pepper (Capsicum frutescens L.) Using a Rotary Rack Hybrid Dryer with Blanching Pretreatment Application

Fri, 20 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Proper post-harvest handling is very necessary to maintain product quality and extend the shelf life. One way to extend the shelf life of agricultural products, including cayenne pepper (Capsicum frutescens L.), is by drying techniques. Blanching pretreatment before drying can maintain the condition of the dried product so that it can maintain the final product quality. The aim of this research was to analyze the water content, water content ratio (MR), drying rate, drying constant of cayenne pepper using a rotary rack type of hybrid dryer. The use of rotary racks type hybrid dryer is a cheaper drying alternative and the use of rotary racks is able to standardize the water content in the cayenne pepper drying process. The research was carried out with two treatments, namely with and without blanching process at a temperature of 90°C for 5 min. The second factor was drying temperatures were are 43 47℃, 48-52℃ and 53-57℃ until the cayenne pepper reach the water content according to the reference, namely in the range of 5-8%. From the research results, it was obtained that the lowest water content of cayenne pepper was given pretreatment blanching at a temperature of 53-57°C, namely 6.43% with a drying time of up to 14 h. The drying rate of blanched cayenne pepper was higher than that of unblanched cayenne pepper.

Keywords: Blanching, Cayenne pepper, Drying.

The Improvement of Productivity and Benefits for Farmers: Analysis of Production Factors, Social Capital, and Demography

Dian Ayu Novia, Dwi Retno Andriani, Rosihan Asmara — Sat, 28 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This study aims to analyze the influence of production factors, social capital, and socio-demographic on the productivity and welfare of farmers in Klampok Village, Kapas District, Bojonegoro Regency. Utilizing a quantitative method with a likert scale for measuring variables, the research employs Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) for data analysis. Data was collected from 52 respondents determined based on the total farming population in Klampok Village, ensuring statistical adequacy for analysis. The findings indicate that production factors, social capital, and socio-demographic variables significantly impact both the productivity and welfare of farmers. The highest mean value was found for experience variable, suggesting a high level of respondent agreement. Conversely, income variable recorded the lowest mean value but within a satisfactory range. The study contributes to the understanding of how these factors collectively enhance farmers' living standards, with productivity serving as a moderating variable in achieving welfare. The research underscores the importance of optimizing production factors, social capital, and demographic aspects through policy development and program implementation to improve farmers' welfare. The results are expected to inform policymakers, agricultural practitioners, and the community about the critical factors enhancing the livelihood of farmers, and program implementation to improve farmers' welfare.

Keywords: Farmer’s Welfare, Production Factors, Productivity, Social Capital, Socio-Demographic Factors.

Effectiveness of Endophytic Bacteria Rhizophora sp. from Mangrove Plants to Control Root-Knot Nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.).

Nurdiah Khasanah, Safira Rizka Lestari, Dita Megasari — Sat, 28 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Meloidogyne spp. is a root-knot nematode that can cause damage to plants up to 68%. The common control is the use of pesticides, but in the long term, it can damage the soil, so it is necessary to use biological agents that can control Meloidogyne spp. without causing environmental damage. The purpose of this study was to determine the ability of endophytic bacteria to control root-knot nematodes Meloidogyne spp.. The method used in this study was the exploration of endophytic bacteria from the Wonorejo mangrove ecotourism area, Surabaya using purposive sampling method. The five best endophytic bacteria were tested further with antagonistic tests. This test was carried out in vitro using 3 concentrations, namely 10⁶, 10⁸, and 10¹⁰ CFU/ml with 3 repetitions. The obtained results were tested using probit analysis to obtain the LC₅₀ values. It was found that LC₅₀ values for the most effective concentration to kill 50% of the Meloidogyne sp population is 10⁹ and 10¹⁰ CFU/ml. It was also revealed that the isolate that is most capable of controlling Meloidogyne spp. nematodes is isolate A43.

Keywords: Antagonist test, Endhopic bacteria, LC₅₀, Mangrove, Meloidogyne spp.

Cover Vol 14 No 3, June 2025

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Preface June 2025

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