Jurnal Teknik Pertanian Lampung (Journal of Agricultural Engineering)

Drying Kinetics of Porang (Amorphophallus oncophyllus) Tubers at Different Sizes and Harvest Periods Using a Lewis–Runge–Kutta Approach

Mon, 29 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Porang (Amorphophallus oncophyllus) is a strategic glucomannan source for food and industrial applications, whose chip and flour quality is strongly influenced by drying performance; however, the combined effects of harvest month and tuber size on convective drying kinetics remain poorly quantified. This study estimated the convective heat transfer coefficient (h) and effective drying rate constant (k) of 7-mm porang slices using a coupled heat–mass balance framework. Tubers were classified into three size categories and dried in a 50 °C cabinet dryer across five harvest months (June–October), with continuous monitoring of air and product temperatures. The Lewis thin-layer model was solved numerically using a fourth-order Runge–Kutta method, and parameters were estimated by minimizing the mean absolute percentage error. Product temperature profiles showed rapid initial heating, a quasi-steady plateau at 43–46 °C, and a final rise, indicating dominance of the falling-rate regime. Estimated h ranged from 42 to 72 W·m⁻²·°C⁻¹ and kₚ from 2.70 to 3.99 h⁻¹. Two-way ANOVA showed no significant effects of harvest month, tuber size, or their interaction (p > 0.05), supporting the use of effective average parameters for robust drying-process standardization and scale-up.

Grading Coffee Beans using Extraction of Shape-Based Features Coupled with Support Vector Machine

Agus Dharmawan, Rudiati Evi Masithoh, Siswoyo Soekarno, Hanim Zuhrotul Amanah — Mon, 29 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Evaluating coffee beans through a computer vision system (CVs) requires a large number of visual attributes to be extracted, but may affect prediction accuracy. Therefore, it is essential to reduce the large features to gain better prediction accuracy by generating new data that represents the most informative dimensions of the original data. Previous studies are limited to comparing different methods of feature extraction. The objective of this research was to explore the comparison of six feature extraction methods (PCA, EFA, LDA, SVD, ICA, and PLS) combined with support vector machine (SVM) as a supervised approach to predict three groups of coffee beans, namely long-berry, normal, and peaberry, for grading issues. SVM with three kernel functions (linear, RBF, and sigmoid) was used to construct a superior classification model. Data were acquired from coffee images processed to generate shape-based features. The results show that LDA provides a better visualization in separating sample classes according to the score plot with 2 variables obtained. The combination of SVM and LDA has a better recognition of coffee beans for grading, which is higher than that of other combinations. A combination of SVM-sigmoid with EFA gave mostly the worst recognition. Our findings proved that the investigation of feature extraction methods and SVM successfully achieve accurate results on grading coffee beans.

Effects of MKP Concentration and Apical Pruning on the Growth and Yield of Melon (Cucumis melo L.) var. Inthanon under NFT Hydroponics System

Yuki Erwanto Putri, Ramdan Hidayat, Nova Triani — Mon, 29 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Melon (Cucumis melo L.) is a horticultural crop with high economic value, but its production is still low due to suboptimal cultivation techniques, especially in terms of fertilization and pruning. This study aims to determine the effect of monopotassium phosphate (MKP) fertilizer concentration and shoot pruning on the growth and yield of Inthanon melon variety. The study was conducted in the greenhouse, using a factorial Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with two factors, namely: MKP fertilizer concentration (0, 5, 10, and 15 g/L) and shoot pruning (internodes 25, 28, and 30). The results showed that the combination of MKP 15 g/L and pruning at the 30ᵗʰ internode gave the best results in terms of fruit weight and fruit flesh thickness. MKP 15 g/L fertilizer had a very significant effect on the parameters of plant length, stem diameter and number of leaves. Pruning shoots at the 30ᵗʰ internode increased the efficiency of assimilate distribution to the fruit. The application of MKP at 15 g/L combined with pruning at the 30ᵗʰ internode increased fruit weight 22.12% and fruit diameter 11.38% compared to control.

Impact of El Niño on the Productivity and Income of Conventional and Organic Oil Palm Farmers at Penawar Tama, Tulang Bawang Regency

Mon, 29 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Extreme weather condition such as El Niño phenomenon potentially result in great effect on farm production. This study aims to analyze the effect of El Niño on the productivity and income of organic and conventional oil palm farming. The research was conducted in Penawar Tama Subdistrict, Tulang Bawang Regency, during March–April 2024, using a survey involving 56 oil palm farmers. Data were analyzed using paired sample t-test, Wilcoxon Signed Rank, Mann-Whitney test, and described qualitatively. Results indicate that El Niño phenomenon had significant negative impacts on productivity, revenue, and farmer income, as evidenced by the premature fruit drop under extreme drought conditions. Specifically, oil palm productivity declined by 19.14% for organic farm, and by 20.46% for conventional farm. The income of organic oil palm farmers fell by 61.70% (equivalent to 7,400,446.44 IDR/ha), and that of conventional farmers declined by 127.09% (equivalent to 5,048,508.01 IDR/ha). The paired sample t-test and Wilcoxon Signed Rank test revealed significant differences in productivity, total costs, Fresh Fruit Bunch (FFB) prices, revenue, and income before and during El Niño phenomenon, with significance values of less than 0.05. The Mann-Whitney test showed significant differences in productivity, total costs, revenue, and income between organic and conventional oil palm farming during the El Niño. However, no significant difference was found in FFB selling prices.

Sensory Profiling and Consumer Preference of Local Bogor Coffee Brands Using CATA (Check-All-That-Apply) Method

Muhammad Fakih Kurniawan, Siti Nursaidah Rahmah, Tiara Amanda Lestari — Mon, 29 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Coffee has complex sensory characteristics, such as aroma, flavor, texture, color, and aftertaste. While various local coffee products are available in Bogor, studies on sensory attributes and consumer preferences are limited. This study aimed to evaluate the sensory profiles and preference levels of four local Bogor coffee brands using the CATA method. The samples consisted of commercially available local Bogor coffee products, including robusta-based coffee and an arabica–robusta blend produced by local roasters. A total of 29 sensory attributes were identified through focus group discussions (FGDs) with eight trained panelists and evaluated by 50 general consumers. Hedonic testing was also conducted and analyzed using preference mapping. The results showed that earthy, floral, chocolate, and spicy sensory attributes tended to increase consumer preference, while smoky aroma and rubbery and burned flavors decreased it. Ideal coffee attributes include brown color, fruity flavor, chocolate and spicy aromas, light body, and sour aftertaste. Samples 669 and 614 showed the highest preference cluster (60–80%), while 471 and 628 achieved the lowest (20–40%). These findings demonstrate the importance of sensory attributes in influencing consumer preferences and can serve as a guide for local Bogor coffee producers.

Effect of Compaction Pressure and Drying Duration on the Characteristics of Biochar Briquettes from Coconut Shell and Sugarcane Bagasse

Welly Deglas, Fransiska, Maria Krisna Evania — Mon, 29 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The combination of coconut shell and sugarcane bagasse in biochar briquettes is of significant interest due to the potential for enhancing the sustainability and energy efficiency of biomass-based fuels. This study explores the unique synergy between these two widely available agricultural residues, aiming to optimize their properties for higher-quality biochar briquettes. Understanding the impact of varying drying times and pressing pressures on the physicochemical characteristics of the briquettes is essential for improving their performance as an eco-friendly energy source. The moisture content ranged from 2.21% to 15.59%, with the lowest value meeting the Indonesian National Standard (SNI ≤ 5%). Ash content exceeded the SNI limit (≤ 8%) at 9.66% after 24 hours of drying at 50 kg/cm² pressure. Volatile matter varied between 12.03% and 15.00%, with the lowest value aligning with SNI standards (10–15%). Fixed carbon content reached a maximum of 72.73%, indicating optimal carbon retention. Calorific values ranged from 4552.67 to 5941.91 cal/g, falling short of the SNI minimum (6814.11 cal/g) due to the inclusion of low-energy bagasse. The shatter index peaked at 31.00% at the lowest pressure and shortest drying time, indicating poor mechanical durability. In conclusion, briquettes processed with at least 24 h drying and 100 kg/cm² pressure yielded the best performance, meeting multiple SNI quality criteria, especially for moisture, volatile matter, and fixed carbon.

Utilization of Plant Waste Bokashi Compost for Urban Organic Melon (Cucumis melo L.) Cultivation

Nurseha, Nurlianti, Septia Yessi Rhamadani, Prihanani, Farida Aryani — Mon, 29 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Bokashi compost is produced through fermentation of organic wastes in an airtight condition using beneficial microbes. This creates a nutrient-rich pre-compost that can be used to enrich the soil. This study investigated the effect of Bokashi type and fermentation age on the growth and yield of organic melon (Cucumis melo L.). A factorial Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with two factors was employed: Bokashi type (oil palm empty fruit bunches, mahogany leaves, and water guava leaves) and fermentation age (1, 5, and 10 months). The results showed that fermentation age significantly affected all observed variables, while Bokashi type significantly influenced flowering time, fruit weight, and fruit diameter. The highest fruit weight (1521.71 g) and diameter (19.07 cm) were obtained from 10-month fermented Bokashi. Among Bokashi types, water guava leaf Bokashi produced the best yield (979.70 g). These findings indicate that extended fermentation improves nutrient availability and enhances melon productivity under organic cultivation systems.

Heat Unit–Based Prediction of Harvest Age in Rice under Different Planting Spacings and Genotypes

Yohana Kathryn Siahaan, Dulbari, Juwita Suri Maharani, Moh Haris Imron S Jaya — Mon, 29 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Heat unit (HU) is widely used to describe crop thermal requirements; however, its application for determining rice harvest age across different planting spacings and genotypes remains limited. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of plant spacing and genotype on HU accumulation and to assess the usefulness of HU as a predictor of harvest age and yield-related traits in rice. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse using a factorial randomized complete block design with three planting spacings (Jarwo 2:1, Tegel 25 cm × 25 cm, and transplanter-based spacing 35 cm × 15 cm) and four rice genotypes (PTP 01, Inpari 24, Jeliteng, and Pandan Wangi). Results showed that HU accumulation during the vegetative phase was uniform across all treatments, reaching approximately 776 °C⸳day, indicating a common thermal threshold for early growth. In contrast, significant differences emerged during the generative phase and at harvest. Plant spacing significantly affected HU accumulation and harvest timing, whereas genotype did not alter total HU requirement but strongly influenced yield expression. The Jarwo 2:1 system required the lowest total HU to reach physiological maturity (~1134 °C⸳day), followed by Tegel 25×25 cm (~1146 °C⸳day) and transplanter spacing (~1159 °C⸳day). Inpari 24 consistently exhibited superior plant height, grain filling, and grain weight per panicle, indicating higher efficiency in converting accumulated HU into yield. Heat unit–based thresholds provide a reliable tool for predicting rice harvest age and optimizing genotype–spacing combinations.

Antioxidant Activity and Sensory Profile Characterization of Herbal Tea Made of Melinjo (Gnetum gnemon L.) Peels and White Turmeric (Curcuma zedoaria)

Alifah Lailatul Rahmah, Dase Hunaefi, Nancy Dewi Yuliana — Mon, 29 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Melinjo peel, a by-product of melinjo cracker production, has the potential to become waste if not utilized optimally. Howeever, it contains bioactive compounds that can be processed into herbal tea bags with health benefits. Melinjo peel has relatively low antioxidant activity; therefore, the addition of other ingredients, such as white turmeric is necessary to enhance the functional value of the herbal tea. Herbal tea bags generally have a slightly bitter and astringent taste; thus, stevia leaves were added as a natural sweetener. Formula optimization of the herbal tea was carried out using response surface methodology (RSM), with total flavonoid content and antioxidant activity as the measured responses. The optimal formula was further subjected to sensory profile characterization (RATA method and hedonic rating) to determine the selected formulation. The selected herbal tea formula consisted of 50% melinjo peel, 40% white turmeric, and 10% stevia leaves. Based on the RATA test, the herbal tea was characterized by attributes of licorice, sweet, floral, bitter aftertaste, astringency, and metallic aftertaste, with an average liking score of 3.51 (liked).

Rapid Detection of Dragon Fruit Peel Powder Adulteration by Vis-NIR and SW-NIR Spectroscopy with PLSR Model

Mon, 29 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

An important factor in choosing a food product is its quality and safety. Meanwhile, visual aspects are a benchmark for product acceptance. Dragon fruit peel powder (DFP) has excellent potential as a natural food coloring. This study aims to detect adulteration in dragon fruit peel powder using two spectroscopy techniques: Visible-Near Infrared (Vis-NIR) and Shortwave-Near Infrared (SW-NIR) spectroscopy. The adulterants include purple sweet potato flour (PP), erythrosine dye powder (ER), and remazol textile dye powder (TX) with varying concentrations of 0%, 0.5%, 1%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, and 100%. Partial least squares regression (PLSR) with ten spectral preprocessing methods was used to analyze data and assess model performance. The results show that combining of spectroscopy with the PLSR model significantly improves accuracy, achieving R²P values above 0.92 for all adulterants. These findings highlight Vis-NIR and SW-NIR spectroscopy combined with PLSR modeling, as rapid, non-destructive tools. Vis-NIR spectroscopy proved superior to SW-NIR spectroscopy in detecting food colorant adulteration because of its sensitivity to color pigments.

Impact of Insecticide Application Containing Active Ingredients Emamectin Benzoate and Deltamethrin on the Mortality and Emergence of Trichogramma japonicum Imagoes

Hanif Maulana Ahmad, Noni Ramadhini, Hery Nirwanto — Mon, 29 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The use of chemical insecticides remains the primary solution to agricultural pest problems. The use of insecticides does not entirely solve the problem, but can disrupt the existence of non-target organisms (parasitoids). This research aims to determine the effects of the active ingredients emamectin benzoate and deltamethrin on the mortality, morphological behavioral changes, and the emergence rate of T. japonicum imagoes. Testing was conducted using fresh residual and fresh residual contact methods. The process of rearing T. japonicum imagoes included breeding the host C. cephalonica, preparing the substrate, and rearing T. japonicum. Fresh residual and fresh residual contact tests were conducted using field concentrations of 2 ml/L and 3 ml/L, respectively for active ingredients emamectin benzoate and deltamethrin. Observation parameters included mortality rates, morphological changes, behavioral changes, and the emergence rate of T. japonicum imagoes. Mortality data were analyzed using a normality test. If the data were not normally distributed, the Kruskal-Wallis test (non-parametric) and Mann-Whitney test were employed, along with probit analysis of the lethal time 50 (LT50). The research results showed that the active ingredients emamectin benzoate and deltamethrin were harmful to the mortality and emergence of T. japonicum imagoes, with average LT50 values of 84 minutes and 46 minutes, respectively. Exposure to insecticides caused T. japonicum imagoes to exhibit abnormalities in wing folding and behavioral changes, resulting in reduced activity.

Application of Mycorrhizal Inoculum and Moringa Leaf Extract to Improve Growth and Yield of Soybean (Glycine max L.) on Alluvial Soil

Agnes Tutik Purwani Irianti, Agus Suyanto, Sherly Oktarianti, Edi Kurniadi — Mon, 29 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Soybean (Glycine max L.) production in Indonesia faces persistent challenges, with productivity declining from 16.70 quintals/ha in 2021 to 14.56 quintals/ha in 2023. Alluvial soils in West Kalimantan, encompassing approximately 1,495,033 ha, present opportunities for soybean expansion but are constrained by low pH, poor nutrient availability, and suboptimal biological activity. This study investigated the combined effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) inoculation and moringa (Moringa oleifera) leaf extract application on soybean growth and productivity on alluvial soil. A factorial completely randomized design was employed with AMF doses (0, 5, and 10 g/polybag) and moringa leaf extract volumes (150, 200, and 250 ml polybag⁻¹ at 20% v/v), replicated three times. Two-way factorial ANOVA showed significant main effects and significant interaction effects (M×E) between AMF and moringa extract for all measured variables (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). The combination of AMF at 10 g/polybag with moringa extract at 250 ml/polybag (M₂E₃) produced optimal results with 97.2 pods/plant and 48.6 g seed dry weight (DW) per plant, representing increases of 129% and 191% over the non-mycorrhizal lowest-dose control (M₀E₁), respectively. These findings suggest that integrated application of AMF and moringa extract represents a promising strategy for improving soybean productivity on marginal alluvial soils, pending field-scale validation.

Jelai Starch–Na-Alginate Film Reinforced with Bacterial Cellulose and Glycerol Plasticizer for Minimally Processed Pineapple Coating

Sukmiyati Agustin, Muhammad Fajar Rahmadani — Mon, 29 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Jelai is a natural source of starch that is widely found in East Kalimantan but has not been extensively explored for its utilization. Edible films from jelai starch–Na-alginate generally exhibit high hydrophilicity and poor mechanical properties. This research aimed to improve these characteristics by incorporating bacterial cellulose (BC) as a filler and glycerol as a plasticizer, and to evaluate the effectiveness of the optimal formulation on minimally processed pineapple. The study utilized a Factorial Completely Randomized Design with two factors: BC concentration (0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%) and glycerol concentration (0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%) with 3 replications. The data were analyzed using ANOVA, and continued with Tukey’s test. The results showed that the interaction between BC and glycerol significantly affected solubility and tensile strength. Glycerol significantly affected thickness, Water Vapor Permeability (WVP), and elongation. The best treatment (0.3% BC and 1.0% glycerol) yielded a tensile strength of 14.0 MPa, elongation of 4.39%, solubility of 44.23%, and WVP of 0.03716 g⸳mm⸳kPa^–1⸳day^–1⸳m^–2. The optimized coating effectively maintained a significantly higher pH (p < 0.05) in minimally processed pineapple than the control during 8 days of storage, indicating its potential to slow acidification and preserve product stability. The addition of BC and glycerol successfully improved the mechanical properties of the film and showed potential for maintaining pH stability in fresh-cut fruits.

Effect of Benzyladenine (BA) and Thidiazuron (TDZ) Application on the Bud Emergence and Seedling Uniformity of Sugarcane Setts

Puput Ninggariawan, Yusnita, Dwi Hapsoro, Kukuh Setiawan, Rusdi Evizal — Mon, 29 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Benzyladenine (BA) and thidiazuron (TDZ) are widely recognized as plant growth regulators that can stimulate bud activation in sugarcane. However, information regarding the synergistic effects of BA and TDZ, particularly in field-level sett treatment, remains limited. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of benzyladenine (BA) and its combination with thidiazuron (BA+TDZ) on bud emergence and seedling uniformity of sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) setts. The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications, involving four sugarcane varieties (GP 99-8009, GP 05-17, GP 08-132, and TC 09) and three treatments: control (0 ppm), BA 50 ppm, and BA 50 ppm + TDZ 5 mg/L. Each experimental unit consisted of 20 buds from 10 two-budded setts. The results showed that the combination of BA 50 ppm + TDZ 5 mg/L significantly enhanced bud emerging percentage, plant height, and fresh and dry stem weights compared to BA alone and control. Variety had no significant effect, and no interaction was observed between variety and hormonal treatment. It can be concluded that the combination of BA and TDZ effectively stimulates bud emergence and early growth of sugarcane, indicating its potential use in seedling establishment.

Effect of Immersion Time and Packaging Type on the Quality of Curly Red Chili Coated with Chitosan–Aloe vera

Muhammad Rifqi, Sherina Zahran Tiara, Tiana Fitrilia — Mon, 29 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Curly red chili has a short shelf life such that post-harvest handling techniques, including edible coatings, are essential. This study aimed to determine the effect of edible coating immersion time and packaging type on the shelf life of curly red chili. The experiment used a completely randomized design (CRD) with two factors: immersion duration (5, 7.5, and 10 minutes) and polypropylene (PP) plastic packaging type (non-perforated and perforated). Data were analyzed using a Two-Way ANOVA, followed by Duncan's Range Multiple Test (DMRT) at a 95% confidence level. The parameters measured included weight loss, moisture content, vitamin C content, and respiration rate. The optimal treatment was A1B2 (5-minute immersion with perforated PP packaging), which achieved the highest vitamin C content (460.32 mg/100g), the lowest respiration rate (1.89 mg CO₂.kg^–1.h^–1), a weight loss of 26.82%, and a moisture content of 67.73%. Although weight loss in A1B2 was higher than in non-perforated packaging treatments, vitamin C and respiration rate were prioritized as key nutritional and metabolic quality indicators. Compared to control in perforated packaging (A0B2), treatment A1B2 yielded 24.60% higher vitamin C retention, demonstrating the added value of the chitosan–Aloe vera coating

Effect of Soil Conservation on Soil Erosion and Plant Performance under Pine–Durian Agroforestry Systems in Perhutani Production Forest

Arif Firmansyah, Kurniawan Sigit Wicaksono, Cahyo Prayogo, Didik Suprayogo — Mon, 29 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Logging activities in pine production forests create open land that increases surface runoff and soil erosion, highlighting the need for soil conservation during the early stages of agroforestry development. This study evaluated the effectiveness of mechanical and vegetative conservation practices, including biogeotextiles, in reducing runoff and erosion and improving plant growth and farm profitability in an early-stage pine–durian agroforestry system. A randomized factorial block design with two factors and a non-factorial control was applied. Mechanical conservation treatments included no terraces, ridge terraces, and bench terraces, while vegetative conservation treatments consisted of chili monoculture, peanut monoculture, chili–peanut intercropping, and intercropping combined with biogeotextiles. Results showed that mechanical conservation significantly reduced runoff and erosion, with bench terraces providing the greatest reductions (33–53% runoff; 48–75% erosion), followed by ridge terraces. Biogeotextiles further reduced erosion by up to 68%, although they increased implementation costs. Pine and durian growth were not significantly affected, whereas chili productivity increased under intercropping and terraced systems. Economically, bench terraces produced the highest profitability (R/C >6). Overall, integrating mechanical and vegetative conservation effectively improved hydro-logical function, crop productivity, and farm income in pine–durian agroforestry systems.

Assessing Two Optimized Smart Automated Irrigation Systems for Four Chili Cultivars

Mon, 29 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Chili is one of the most important horticultural crops and a strategic national commodity. Efficient irrigation management is essential to sustain its productivity, particularly under increasing climate variability and water scarcity. This study evaluated the effects of two automated irrigation systems on the growth and yield of chili cultivars. The greenhouse experiment employed a split-plot design with two irrigation treatments—environmental sensor-based automatic irrigation (S1) and scheduled irrigation (S2)—on four chili cultivars (Arisa, Adelina, Genie, and Bara). Growth traits, including plant height, dichotomous height, number of leaves, number of branches, stem diameter, and SPAD, were observed weekly, while yield traits (fruit number, fresh weight, dry weight, average fruit weight, and fruit length) were measured at harvest. Results revealed no significant effect of interaction. Irrigation system affected number of branches, while varieties affected plant height, dichotomous height, SPAD and all yield traits except fruit number. The two irrigation systems did not statistically differ in yield, however, S1 consistently resulted in higher yield and save 61% water usage compared to S2. These findings indicate that S1 can enhance resource efficiency without compromising productivity, drought tolerant chili cultivars are recommended for supporting the sustainable cultivation of chili as a strategic commodity.

Characteristics of Dioscorea esculenta Starch Exposed to Citric Acid and Autoclaving-Cooling Treatment

Andriana Puspitasari, Yudi Pranoto, Priyanto Triwitono, Dwi Larasatie Nur Fibri — Mon, 29 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Starch is an abundant carbohydrate reserve found in plants, such as Dioscorea esculenta. Starch can be a staple food and energy source. However, native starch has limitations, required modification processes. The research investigated effect of citric acid and autoclaving-cooling in several cycles for its starch characterization. Starch was extracted and pretreated with citric acid (0.1 M) for 6 h at a ratio of starch and water of 1:4 (w/v). Starch was then modified by autoclaving-cooling using different cycles (1, 2, 3, 4, and 5). Analyses included recovery yield, proximate composition, amylose content, water or oil holding capacity, solubility, swelling power, and color. The results showed no significant difference in the recovery yield, decreased protein, and increased amylose. Autoclaving-cooling modification in Dioscorea esculenta starch enhances the water holding capacity (WHC), oil holding capacity (OHC), and solubility, while reducing its swelling power. In terms of the color of starch after modification by autoclaving-cooling, there was a decrease in lightness (L*) and the whiteness index (WI) values. The results suggested that starch produced with two cycles of autoclaving-cooling was better, as indicated by an increase in amylose content of 25.14%. These findings are expected to provide alternative sources of functional foods and contribute to the utilization of local food ingredients.

Analysis of Land Use Impacts on Flood Propagation and Inundation Area Using 2D HEC-RAS Modeling: A Case Study of the Babakan Watershed, Central Java

Arief Yudho Wicaksono, Mohammad Farid, Vika Febriyani, Aji Prakoso Nimanto — Mon, 29 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The Babakan Watershed is located in Brebes Regency, Central Java Province, and represents one of the river systems that experiences recurrent flooding events annually. These events indicate a high vulnerability of the area to changes in hydrological characteristics driven by land use dynamics. This study aims to evaluate the effects of land use change on the hydrological and hydraulic responses of the Babakan Watershed and their implications for flood potential and characteristics. The methodology applies the Soil Conservation Service–Curve Number (SCS–CN) Synthetic Unit Hydrograph approach based on land use data from 2015 and 2022, with the application of a 20-year return period design discharge calibrated against bankfull water level conditions of the Babakan River to ensure consistency with the actual channel capacity. The hydrological analysis results show that the 20-year return period peak discharge (Q20) in 2022, at 274.63 m³/s, is lower than that in 2015, which reached 285.57 m³/s, indicating a reduced flood response associated with land use changes. Integration with hydraulic modeling reveals a decrease in Curve Number (CN), an increase in the percentage of impervious areas reflecting improved watershed infiltration capacity, as well as reductions in flood inundation extent and flow velocity. These findings confirm that integrated hydrological–hydraulic approach is effective for evaluating the impacts of land use change on flood propagation and risk in the Babakan Watershed, while also supporting improved preparedness and watershed management planning for future flood events.

Assessment of Leachate Treatment Efficiency and Its Impact on Surface Water Quality at the Blang Bintang Landfill, Aceh Besar

Jonianto, Ichwana Ramli, Suhendrayatna, Sri Mulyati, Mariana — Mon, 29 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of the leachate treatment plant at the Blang Bintang Regional landfill and analyze its impact on the water quality of the Krueng Uteun Siblah River. The method used is a comparative analysis of leachate quality monitoring data (influent and effluent) from the landfill from 2021 to 2025. The results showed that the treatment plant successfully reduced the concentration of pollutants in leachate, with an average efficiency percentage for the parameters of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), and Total Suspended Solids (TSS) Nitrate, NH₃, Cd, Fe were 23.87%, 64.15%, 50.53%, 35.26%, 62.19%, 71.05%, and 40.18%, respectively. However, effluent values for COD and BOD parameters still exceed the established quality standards. Further analysis of the Krueng Uteun Siblah River revealed a significant decline in water quality immediately after the leachate outfall point, marked by a spike in BOD (27.4-30 mg/L), COD (51.17-62 mg/L), and iron concentration (3.65-4.21 mg/L) that exceeded quality standards, as well as a drastic decrease in Dissolved Oxygen (DO) levels to 3.5 mg/L improving the performance of leachate treatment facilities and implementing stricter management strategies are absolutely necessary to protect the aquatic ecosystem around the landfill.

Analysis of Mill Motor Speed on the Sugar Value in Bagasse Using the Fuzzy Logic Method at the Sugar Factory of PT. Pratama Nusantara Sakti

Ricky Rachman Nursa, Helmy Fitriawan, Sri Ratna Sulistiyanti — Mon, 29 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The Indonesian sugar industry faces a serious challenge in the form of low efficiency in sugarcane milling, which is indicated by the high pol value in bagasse. This condition indicates that a considerable amount of sugar remains trapped in the bagasse, resulting in sugar losses and reduced productivity. One of the operational factors contributing to this phenomenon is the rotational speed of the mill motor, as non-optimal speed can affect the level of juice extraction and the amount of sugar remaining in the bagasse. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the effect of mill motor rotational speed on the pol value of bagasse and to optimize this parameter using the fuzzy logic method. The fuzzy system was designed to process machine variables (motor speed and motor load) as well as supporting factors (moisture content, temperature, service life, and harvesting age) through inference rules based on membership functions. Results show that most fuzzy predictions are consistent with the actual data from the quality control division, with a high level of accuracy indicated by an RRMSE of 7.84%, MAE of 0.0603, and MAPE of 3.34%. These findings demonstrate that fuzzy logic is capable of handling uncertainty and the complexity of variables in the milling process, while also providing a practical solution to reduce sugar losses, improve quality, and enhance the productivity of the national sugar industry.

A Effect of Straw and Cattle Manure Ratio on Bokashi Quality Based on C/N Balance and Nutrient Availability

Mon, 29 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Bokashi is an anaerobically fermented organic fertilizer whose quality depends on the balance between carbon-rich and nitrogen-rich feedstocks. This study evaluated five bokashi formulations prepared from different proportions of leaf straw (JD) and cattle manure (PK), namely: JD100, JD75PK25, JD50PK50, JD25PK75, and PK100. Bokashi was fermented under anaerobic conditions for 21 days and assessed for temperature, moisture content, pH, organic carbon, C/N ratio, total nitrogen, P₂O₅, K₂O, and magnesium (Mg). The experiment was arranged in a Completely Randomized Design, while treatment performance was evaluated using descriptive statistics, including mean ± standard deviation, coefficient of variation, and trend analysis. Results showed that increasing the proportion of manure generally enhanced nutrient availability. Total nitrogen increased from 1.54% in JD100 to 2.72% in JD25PK75, while Mg concentration increased from 3,506 mg kg⁻¹ in JD100 to 10,999 mg kg⁻¹ in PK100. In contrast, straw-dominated formulations maintained higher organic carbon content (27.86%) and more neutral pH conditions (7.7). The C/N ratio declined from 18.10 in JD100 to 8.72 in PK100, indicating greater decomposition and compost maturity. Among the treatments, JD50PK50 exhibited comparatively balanced characteristics, combining relatively high organic carbon, moderate nutrient levels, near-neutral pH (6.8), and a moderate C/N ratio (11.48). These findings suggest that balanced straw–manure mixtures can improve bokashi maturity, nutrient retention, and chemical stability for sustainable organic fertilizer production.

The Optimization of Operating Parameters on the Reduction of Relative Humidity in a Dehumidifier Dryer Using Response Surface Methodology

Mon, 29 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Relative humidity (RH) of the drying air is the main driving force in the drying process, as dry air has a greater capacity to absorb water vapor from the material; therefore, the lower the RH, the faster the drying rate. This study aims to determine the optimal RH point under varying airflow rate, evaporator temperature, and heater temperature, and to identify the most suitable RSM model equation. The research was carried out in three stages: (1) development of a dehumidifier dryer; (2) optimization and modeling using the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) with three factors—airflow rate, evaporator temperature, and heater temperature—and one primary response, namely the RH of drying air, along with an additional response of drying air temperature. Design Expert v13 software with the RSM Central Composite Design (CCD) was used to select optimum process conditions from the combination of operating parameters. The accuracy of heater temperature control was analyzed using relative error. The relationship between variables and the RH response of air entering the drying chamber was modeled as: Y = 14.02 + 0.8154A + 0.7625B – 2.75C – 0.4375AB – 0.0875AC – 0.2625BC + 2.48A² + 3.09B² + 9.83C² (where A = airflow rate, B = evaporator temperature, and C = heater temperature). The optimal RH response of the drying air was 20.263% at an airflow rate of 0.018 m³/s, evaporator temperature of 8.413 °C, and heater temperature of 39.49 °C. Air heating temperature control performed very well, with a relative error of 1.22%, which is below 5%.

Non-Destructive Detection of Coffee Bean Defects using Machine Vision and the YOLOv11 Algorithm

Mon, 29 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Advances in machine vision and deep learning offer a promising solution for automated, non-destructive quality assessment for high-quality coffee. This study evaluated the performance of five YOLOv11 variants (n, s, m, l, and x) for real-time detection of defective coffee beans and identified the most suitable model in terms of detection accuracy and computational efficiency. A conveyor-based machine vision system was developed to acquire top-view images of Robusta coffee beans under controlled illumination. A dataset of 3,500 images was prepared, comprising 3,000 annotated images for training and validation (80:20) and 500 images reserved for blind testing. All defective beans were grouped into a single defect class, and the YOLOv11 variants were evaluated using precision, recall, F1-score, mean Average Precision (mAP) at IoU thresholds of 0.5 and 0.5:0.95, and inference time. All YOLOv11 variants achieved high detection performance, with [email protected] values exceeding 0.98. YOLOv11s showed the best overall balance, achieving the highest recall (0.954), [email protected]:0.95 (0.689), and F1-score (0.959), while maintaining low inference time and a compact model size. Larger variants, such as YOLOv11x, achieved slightly higher [email protected] but required substantially greater computational resources, whereas YOLOv11n provided faster inference but lower robustness under stricter localization criteria. Blind testing revealed a performance gap relative to validation results, highlighting remaining challenges in model generalization. Overall, the results confirm the effectiveness of YOLOv11 for coffee bean defect detection and identify YOLOv11s as the most suitable variant for real-time inspection within the defined experimental scope.

Performance Comparison of Recursive and Semi-Recursive Random Forest Models for Monthly Rainfall Prediction in the Bogowonto Watershed

Yulian Kusuma Ari Setiadi, Hanggar Ganara Mawandha, Sigit Supadmo Arif — Mon, 29 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Unpredictable rainfall is considered a major challenge for agricultural systems in Indonesia, especially in the preparation of planting calendars. Therefore, accurate rainfall predictions are essential for agricultural systems to be more adaptive to climate change. The aim of this study is to analyse and compare the accuracy of two monthly rainfall prediction schemes, namely recursive and semi-recursive approaches, by using the Random Forest algorithm. Climatological data from four stations in the Bogowonto Watershed were used, and the modelling process included data pre-processing, feature engineering (lag, rolling window, and seasonal transformation), and grid search with cross-validation to obtain the optimal parameter combinations. Model performance was evaluated on out-of-sample test and validation data by using RMSE, MAE, NSE, and R². The semi-recursive approach improved NSE from 0.20–0.33 to 0.53–0.61 and reduced RMSE from 210.68–255.75 mm to 150.79–211.31 mm, while R² values increased from 0.23–0.50 to 0.72–0.82 across the four stations. These results indicate that the semi-recursive approach is more stable in predicting monthly rainfall and thus is recommended for planning a planting calendar in Bogowonto Watershed.

The Effect of Biosaka Elicitor Types and Concentrations on the Growth and Yield of Chili Pepper (Capsicum frutescens L.)

Andrian Tri Susanto, Makhziah, Juli Santoso — Mon, 29 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Chili pepper (Capsicum frutescens L.) is an important horticultural crop that requires sufficient production to meet increasing market demand. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of Biosaka elicitor composition and concentration on the growth and yield of chili pepper. The experiment was arranged in a two-factor factorial Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. The first factor was Biosaka composition (J), consisting of five formulations: J1 = babandotan, J2 = J1 + pukul empat, J3 = J2 + patikan kebo, J4 = J3 + meniran, and J5 = all biosaka materials. The second factor was Biosaka concentration (K), consisting of three concentration levels: K1 = 1.5 mL/L, K2 = 2.5 mL/L, and K3 = 3.5 mL/L. The results showed that Biosaka composition significantly affected plant height at 21–63 DAT, stem diameter at 28–63 DAT, leaf number at 21–63 DAT, fruit number per plant at the fifth harvest, and fruit weight per plant at the first and fifth harvests. Biosaka concentration significantly affected plant height at 21 DAT and 42–56 DAT, leaf number at 49 and 56 DAT, and fruit number (total fruit number and fruit number per plant) at the first, fourth, and fifth harvests. Overall, the J5 formulation and the concentration of 2.5 mL/L tended to produce the most favorable growth responses in chili pepper plants.

Performance of Shell Peeling Machine for Koro Pedang (Canavalia ensiformis)

Agus Sutejo, Gilang Ramdani, Rafi Rizky Mulyadi, Dinur Saptiadi — Mon, 29 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The increasing demand for tempeh made from koro pedang (Canavalia ensiformis) beans requires large quantities of kernels processed rapidly and efficiently. This study evaluated the performance of a newly developed outer-shell peeling machine to enhance peeling capacity and seed–shell separation efficiency. Experiments were conducted at three rotational speeds (730, 820, and 960 rpm) with three replications per treatment. Observed parameters included peeling capacity, peeling efficiency, separation efficiency, percentage of broken seeds, and fuel consumption. Results showed that increasing rotational speed improved peeling capacity from 32.41 to 51.77 kg/h, with the highest value obtained at 960 rpm. Maximum peeling efficiency reached 93.09%, while the highest separation efficiency was approximately 83.09% at 960 rpm. The percentage of broken seeds remained low (≤0.99%). Fuel consumption was 0.43 L/h, indicating good energy efficiency for small- to medium-scale operations. Overall, the machine use increases production throughput, shortens processing time, and reduces reliance on manual labour, supporting the sustainable development of tempeh industries based on koro pedang beans.

The Effect of Thermal and Alkaline Pretreatment in POME (Palm Oil Mill Effluent) as a Substrate for Dark Fermentation Process on Biohydrogen Production

Amna Citra Farhani, Bintang Sipartogi Panjaitan, Ni Wayan Arya Utari — Mon, 29 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) is a promising substrate for biohydrogen production through dark fermentation, although pretreatment is often required to enhance hydrogenogenic activity. This study evaluated the effects of alkaline (NaOH) and thermal pretreatments on POME characteristics and hydrogen production. Fresh POME was sieved and adjusted to initial pH values of 6, 7, or 8 using 6 M NaOH, with or without heat shock treatment (100 °C for 60 min). Batch fermentation was conducted at 60 °C for 24 h, while pH, oxidation-reduction potential (ORP), and dissolved oxygen (DO) were monitored. Pretreatment shifted POME conditions from acidic and oxidative to neutral-alkaline and reductive environments, with several treatments achieving ORP values below −200 mV, indicating favorable anaerobic conditions. Refrigerated storage reduced pH and increased ORP, whereas NaOH addition increased pH and lowered ORP. Hydrogen production varied among treatments. The highest yield was obtained from fresh POME adjusted to pH 7, producing 0.03655 g H₂ with an ORP of approximately −514 mV. In contrast, stored POME subjected to pH 7 adjustment and heat shock produced substantially lower hydrogen yields. In a second batch, pH 8 treatments generated 0.01157–0.02002 g H₂, representing 2.4–3.1 times higher production than the controls, while pH 6 treatments showed the lowest yields. Overall, neutral-to-alkaline pH and strongly negative ORP were associated with improved biohydrogen production.

Effect of Phosphorus Fertilizer Application Timing and Dosage on the Growth and Yield of Snow Pea (Pisum sativum L.)

Dita Widianti, Widiwurjani, Agus Sulistyono — Mon, 29 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Snow pea (Pisum sativum L.) is a high-value vegetable crop with increasing market demand; however, its productivity remains relatively low due to suboptimal cultivation practices, particularly phosphorus (P) fertilization management. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of phosphorus fertilizer application timing and dosage on the growth and yield of the Taichung variety of snow pea. The experiment was conducted in Mojoroto Village, Pacet District, Mojokerto Regency, Indonesia, using a factorial Randomized Block Design (RBD) with two factors: phosphorus fertilizer application timing (at planting, 7 days after planting [DAP], and 14 DAP) and phosphorus fertilizer dosage (60, 80, 100, and 120 kg/ha). The results showed that the combination of phosphorus fertilizer applied at 100 kg/ha and 7 DAP produced the highest number of pods, pod weight per plant, and pod yield per hectare. Furthermore, phosphorus application at 7 DAP enhanced nutrient uptake efficiency during the early vegetative stage, while a dosage of 100 kg/ha significantly increased yield components, resulting in a pod weight of 99.72 g/plant. These findings indicate that optimizing both the timing and dosage of phosphorus fertilizer application can improve the productivity and yield quality of snow pea and provide a basis for technical fertilization recommendations for highland cultivation.

Rainfall Prediction with Radial Basis Function Neural Network and Its Correlation with Bird's Eye Chili (Capsicum frutescens) Production in Sawangan Subdistrict Magelang Regency

Azka Sinatrya, Bayu Dwi Apri Nugroho, Chandra Setyawan — Mon, 29 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Climate change causes rainfall anomalies that directly impact the decline in horticultural crop productivity, particularly bird's eye chili (Capsicum frutescens). This study aimed to analyze the effect of global rainfall indices in Sawangan Subdistrict through the development a prediction model. Modeling was performed using Radial Basis Function Neural Network (RBFNN) method with Principal Component Analysis (PCA) integration to simplify the climate index input variables. Model accuracy was evaluated using the Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE), Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE), and R². Furthermore, the prediction results were correlated with chili production data to test the relevance of the model to actual conditions. Results showed that model configurations provide varying performance. The best model based on evaluation is the model in the 15-year range using PCA 3 global climate indices and training percentage of 90% (RMSE: 101.39; NSE: 0.7268). However, for validation and correlation with production, it was found that the 15-year range using PCA 5 global climate indices and training percentage of 70% was the best model with highest R² value of 0.8572 and correlation value close to actual value. Variations in data period, number of climate indices, and training data proportion affect model performance. Adding data volume and variable complexity does not always improve accuracy, so it is necessary to identify the optimum point to get the most reliable prediction model.

Effect of Shade Intensity and Soil Types on the Vegetative Growth and Chlorophyll Content of Javanese Pepper (Piper retrofractum Vahl.) Seedlings

Reo Sambodo, Angki Intan, Wafit Dinarto, Dian Astriani — Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Javanese pepper is an indigenous Indonesian spice with high economic value and widely utilized as a traditional medicinal plant. Efforts to increase Javanese pepper production require cultivation optimization, particularly during the nursery stage, which is a key factor in the success of on-farm cultivation. This study aimed to determine the optimal nursery conditions for Javanese pepper in terms of shading intensity and soil type. The study employed a two-factor factorial Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). The first factor was shading intensity: N1 = 0%, N2 = 50%, N3 = 70%, and N4 = 90%. The second factor was soil type: T1 = Vertisol, T2 = Regosol, and T3 = Latosol. There were 12 treatment combinations replicated three times, resulting in 36 experimental units. Each unit consisted of five plants, totaling 180 polybags. The selection of soil types was based on the dominant soil distribution in the Special Region of Yogyakarta. Observation data were analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) followed by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at the 5% significance level when significant effects were observed. The results showed that the best growth of Javanese pepper seedlings was obtained in Regosol soil under 50–90% shading intensity.

Effectiveness of Low-Cost Ozone Treatment in Preserving the Postharvest Quality of Chilli Pepper under Tropical Ambient Storage

Indriati Meilina Sari, Kiky Nurfitri Sari, Andika Prawanto, Paisal Ansiska — Thu, 02 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Postharvest losses of red chilli peppers remain a significant challenge in tropical regions, particularly under ambient storage conditions where access to refrigeration is limited. This study evaluates the effectiveness of simple ozonation at different exposure durations in maintaining the quality of red chilli peppers and identifies the optimal treatment duration based on quality preservation performance. A controlled experimental design with four treatments, consisting of no ozone exposure and ozonation for 5, 10, and 15 min, was applied. Quality parameters included weight retention, firmness, vitamin C content, water content, and microbial load were observed during ten days of storage. The results showed that ozonation significantly affected all measured parameters, with longer exposure durations generally improving quality retention and reducing microbial growth. However, the 10-min treatment demonstrated comparable performance to that of 15-min treatment across most variables, indicating that an optimal exposure duration had been reached. These findings suggest that simple ozonation can serve as a practical and effective postharvest approach for maintaining red chilli quality under tropical ambient conditions, particularly for small-scale applications.

Development of Fish-Based Halal Gelatin as an Edible Film Coating Material

Junanda Auditya Onasis, Ela Roswasti Angelia Syeba Ginting — Mon, 29 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This study focuses on food products innovation by employing animal-derived material as a basis ingredient for making gelatin. Increasing halal lifestyle provides an opportunity to innovate and answer challenges in meeting consumer needs. The manufacture of animal-based gelatin in the production of edible packaging is a promising solution to reduce plastic waste, but it needs to meet halal requirements. This review analyzes gelatin usage, the application of animal-based food resources, and the potential of edible films as packaging materials in halal product development for Muslim consumers. Edible packaging has great capability to decrease plastic waste and meet the demands of an increasingly conscious market for halal and safety in food products. The results showed that fish gelatin-based edible film is biodegradable, safe for consumption, and able to protect food products from oxidation and microbial contamination because it has a thin layer that can inhibit oxygen. Various studies have also shown that the mechanical and physicochemical characteristics of edible films depend on the fish source and the additives utilized Edible films derived from fish gelatin with halal certification represent a key innovation in supporting halal food industries, minimizing plastic packaging, and improving product preservation time.