Innovative Weed Control Technologies in Oil Palm Circles: Evaluating Effectiveness and Cost Efficiency at the Immature Phase

Heru Wansyah Harahap; Hartini Hartini

doi:10.23960/jtepl.v15i1.184-197

Authors

Heru Wansyah Harahap Politeknik LPP Yogyakarta
Hartini Politeknik LPP Yogyakarta

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.23960/jtepl.v15i1.184-197

Abstract View: 24

Keywords:

Glyphosate, Immature phase, Oil palm, Paraquat, Weed control

Abstract

Weeds become major constraint in oil palm plantations as they compete for nutrients, light, and water, thereby extending the non-productive period. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of weed control methods on the dominant weed species in the immature oil palm plants (TBM). The research was conducted at Johan Sentosa Estate, PT Agrinas Palma Nusantara, using a Randomized Block Design with three treatments and 10 replications. The treatments involved A (450 mL/ha glyphosate + 22.7 g/ha metsulfuron-methyl), B (manual weeding), and C (450 mL/ha paraquat + 22.7 g/ha metsulfuron-methyl). Observation included weed mortality, regrowth, phytotoxicity, and operational cost. Data was analyzed using Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney tests at a 5% significance level. Results showed significant differences among treatments (p < 0.05) with manual weeding (B) achieved the highest weed mortality in the early observation (mean rank = 15.50) but incurred the highest annual cost 589,621.45 IDR/ha. Treatmant A provided the most effective suppression of weed regrowth up to the 8^th week (mean rank = 15.50) with annual cost 355,056.61 IDR/ha, and treatment C showed comparable effectiveness to A but a lower cost 339,397.25 IDR/ha. None of the treatments caused phytotoxicity symptoms (score 0) on oil palm plants. The treatment A using glyphosate and metsulfuron-methyl was identified as the most effective and cost-efficient weed control method for immature oil palm circles.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Ahmal, V.J., Ilmiasari, Y., Harini, N.V.A., & Novrimansyah, E.A. (2025). Efektivitas herbisida bahan aktif Haloxyfop-R Methyl Ester terhadap gulma belulang (Eleusine indica L.). Journal of Agriculture and Animal Science, 5(2), 212–220.

Arbania, I.O., Sudirman, A., Sari, S., & Syofian, M. (2021). Efikasi kombinasi herbisida metil metsulfuron dan asam asetat pada lahan perkebunan kelapa sawit (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.). Jurnal Agro Industri Perkebunan, 9(1), 23–34. https://doi.org/10.25181/jaip.v9i1.1425

Baidhawi, B. (2023). The effectiveness of mixing herbicides and manual weed control on corn (Zea mays L.). Jurnal Agrium, 20(2), 185–193. https://doi.org/10.29103/agrium.v20i2.12509

Bayyinah, L.N., Purwanto, P., Syarifah, R.N.K., & Pratama, R.A. (2024). Respons fisiologis tanaman jagung manis terhadap aplikasi herbisida dalam pengendalian gulma. Jurnal Agro Wiralodra, 7(2), 66–74.

Bilkis, F.G., Chozin, M.A., & Guntoro, D. (2022). Pergeseran dominasi gulma kebun kelapa sawit IPB Jonggol dan kemungkinan resistensi terhadap herbisida glifosat. Indonesian Journal of Agronomy, 50(1), 115–122.

Bin Che Ruzlan, K.A., Ahmad, M.S., & Hamdani, A. (2021). Integrated weed management programs at oil palm plantation — A survey. International Journal of Agriculture, Forestry and Plantation, 11, 32–38.

Direktorat Pupuk dan Pestisida, Direktorat Jenderal Prasarana dan Sarana Pertanian, Kementerian Pertanian Republik Indonesia. (2012). Metode standar pengujian efikasi pestisida T.A. 2012. Jakarta: Kementerian Pertanian Republik Indonesia.

Duke, S.O. (2020). Integrated weed management programs at oil palm plantation — A survey. Weed Science, 68(3), 201–207. https://doi.org/10.1017/wsc.2019.28

EWRC (European Weed Research Council). (1964). Report of the 3rd and 4th meetings of the European Weed Research Council, Committee of Methods in Weed Research. Weed Research, 4(1), 88.

Formaglio, G., Veldkamp, E., Duan, X., Tjoa, A., & Corre, M.D. (2020). Herbicide weed control increases nutrient leaching compared to mechanical weeding in a large-scale oil palm plantation. Biogeosciences, 17(21), 5243–5262. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-5243-2020

GAPKI (Gabungan Pengusaha Kelapa Sawit Indonesia). (2025). Press release: CPO and PKO production and consumption in 2024 experiences a slight decline. Jakarta: GAPKI.

Girsang, W., Meriaty, Z.R., Rahadian, Z., Girsang, R., & Purba, W. (2022). Efektifitas herbisida glifosat dengan penambahan surfaktan untuk mengendalikan gulma di lahan kelapa sawit (Elaeis quineensis Jacq). Jurnal Agrotek Indonesia, 7(2), 5–12. https://journal.unsika.ac.id/index.php/agrotek/article/view/6908

Hakim, D.B., Hadianto, A., Giyanto, Hutaria, T., & Amaliah, S. (2020). The production efficiency of herbicides in palm oil plantation in Sumatera and Kalimantan. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 468(1), 012054. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/468/1/012054

Haryanti, N., & Marsono, A. (2021). Strategi implementasi pengembangan perkebunan kelapa sawit di era industri 4.0. Jurnal Dinamika Ekonomi Syariah, 8(1), 76–87. https://doi.org/10.53429/jdes.v8i1.146

Kanatas, P., Antonopoulos, N., Gazoulis, I., & Travlos, I.S. (2021). Screening glyphosate-alternative weed control options in important perennial crops. Weed Science, 69(6), 704–718. https://doi.org/10.1017/wsc.2021.55

Kaur, A., Singh, G., Menon, S., & Kumari, K. (2024). Integrated weed management: A comprehensive review of conventional, non-conventional, and emerging strategies for sustainable agriculture. Journal of Advances in Biology & Biotechnology, 27(8), 156–167. https://doi.org/10.9734/jabb/2024/v27i81130

Leal, J.F.L., Borella, J., dos Santos Souza, A., Langaro, A.C., de Moura Carneiro, R., de Souza da Silva, G., de Oliveira Junior, F.F., Ramos de Souza, F., Machado, A.F.L., & De Pinho, C.F. (2023). Photosystem II- and photosystem I-inhibitor herbicides-driven changes in the dynamics of photosynthetic energy dissipation of Conyza spp. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum, 45(8), 94. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11738-023-03572-1

Al Ansori, M., Mahmud, Y., & Elfianis, R. (2025). Uji efektivitas herbisida isopropilamina glifosat dan metil metsulfuron dalam mengendalikan gulma di perkebunan kelapa (Cocos nucifera L.). Prosiding Seminar Nasional Integrasi Pertanian dan Peternakan, 3(1), 39–49. https://semnasfpp.uin-suska.ac.id/index.php/snipp/article/view/121

Kementerian Pertanian Republik Indonesia. (2024). Outlook komoditas perkebunan kelapa sawit tahun 2024 (Pusat Data dan Sistem Informasi Pertanian, Sekretariat Jenderal). Jakarta: Kementerian Pertanian RI. https://satudata.pertanian.go.id/details/publikasi/696

Nugraha, K., & Guntoro, D. (2022). Dominansi dan potensi resistensi gulma Eleusine indica terhadap herbisida glifosat di Kebun Pendidikan Kelapa Sawit Jonggol, Jawa Barat. Buletin Agrohorti, 10(3), 340–348. https://doi.org/10.29244/agrob.v10i3.46451

Nduru, E.N.I., Lizmah, S.F., Subandar, I., Chairuddin, C., & Arisyi, M.A. (2023). Analisis vegetasi gulma pada perkebunan kelapa sawit (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) di Area Afdeling I, Kebun Jaya Seujahtera, PT. ASN. Biofarm : Jurnal Ilmiah Pertanian, 19(1), 7–16. https://doi.org/10.31941/biofarm.v19i1.2529

Rambe, S.P., Gunawan, T.R., Priwiratama, H., & Prasetyo, A.E. (2025). Effectiveness of glyphosate and metsulfuron methyl herbicide mixtures for weed management in oil palm plantations. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1494(1), 012008.

Ramlan, D.N., Riry, J., & Tanasale, V.L. (2019). Inventarisasi jenis gulma di areal perkebunan karet (Hevea brasiliensis) pada ketinggian tempat yang berbeda di Negeri Liang, Kecamatan Teluk Elpaputih, Kabupaten Maluku Tengah. Jurnal Budidaya Pertanian, 15(2), 80–91. https://doi.org/10.30598/jbdp.2019.15.2.80

Sakiah, S., Guntoro, G., & Manullang, A.M. (2021). Pengaruh herbisida berbahan aktif paraquat terhadap persentase kematian gulma dan jumlah mikroorganisme tanah. Jurnal Agro Estate, 4(2), 99–108. https://doi.org/10.47199/jae.v4i2.73

Sari, R.P.K., & Pujisiswanto, H. (2024). Efikasi herbisida parakuat diklorida terhadap gulma di perkebunan kopi tanaman belum menghasilkan. Gontor Agrotech Science Journal, 10(2), 101–109.

Seda, F. (2022). Pengaruh herbisida campuran paraquat dan metil metsulfuron untuk mengendalikan gulma Dicranopteris linearis di kebun kelapa sawit. [Undergraduate Thesis], Institut Pertanian Yogyakarta. https://eprints.instiperjogja.ac.id/id/eprint/4335

Seng, C.T., Yusop, N., Pauzi, S.A., Ramli, N.K.C.M., Aani, S.N.A., Sahal, M.S.A.M., Pahang, J.T., Purba, E., & Sa’adah, N. (2024). Survey of herbicide resistant weed management in oil palm estates from Peninsular Malaysia and Indonesia. Advances in Weed Science, 42, e020240030. https://doi.org/10.51694/AdvWeedSci/2024;42/00020

Silva, R., Sobral, A.F., Dinis Oliveira, R.J., & Barbosa, D.J. (2024). The link between paraquat and demyelination: A review of current evidence. Antioxidants, 13(11), 1354. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13111354

Singh, S., Kumar, V., Gill, J.P.K., Datta, S., Singh, S., Dhaka, V., Kapoor, D., Wani, A.B., Dhanjal, D.S., Kumar, M., Harikumar, S.L., & Singh, J. (2020). Herbicide glyphosate: Toxicity and microbial degradation. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(20), 7519. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17207519

Situmorang, R., Mawandha, H.G., & Suryanti, S. (2023). Efektifitas dan efisiensi pengendalian secara manual (Si Jari Tiga) dan kimia (metil metsulfuron) terhadap gulma Asplenium sp. di kebun kelapa sawit. AGROFORETECH, 1(3), 1628–1632. https://jurnal.instiperjogja.ac.id/index.php/JOM/article/view/920

Tang, W., Liu, S., Yu, X., Yang, Y., Zhou, X., & Lu, Y. (2021). The basis of tolerance mechanism to metsulfuron methyl in Roegneria kamoji (Triticeae: Poaceae). Plants, 10(9), 1823. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10091823

Yu, P., & Marble, S.C. (2022). Practice in nursery weed control—Review and meta analysis. Frontiers in Plant Science, 12, 807736. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2021.807736