The Influence of Zinc Biofortification on the Growth, Yield, and Zinc Content in Several Rice Varieties (Oryza sativa L.)
Abstract
Rice productivity faces challenges due to soil degradation and nutrient deficiencies. This study aims to evaluate the effects of zinc (Zn) biofortification through foliar spray on growth, yield, potassium (K) uptake, and zinc (Zn) content in rice grains. The study also assesses the response of different rice varieties to zinc application and analyzes the interaction between zinc and varieties in enhancing productivity and zinc content, which could potentially support stunting prevention efforts. The research was conducted in the rice fields of Maja Village, Pesawaran Regency, Lampung, from July to October 2024, using a split plot design. Zinc treatments included seed priming and foliar spray at the vegetative and generative stages. The results showed that zinc application significantly increased plant height, productive tillers, flowering time, number of grains per panicle, percentage of filled and empty grains, 1,000-grain weight, as well as harvest dry grain (HDG) and dry unhusked rice (DUR). Treatment P4 (priming and zinc application at both vegetative and generative stages) showed the best response, with an average increase in zinc content in rice grains of 56% compared to the control. Nutri Zinc variety showed the highest potassium uptake and zinc content. The interaction between zinc and variety had a significant impact on 1,000-grain weight and HDG. This study highlights that zinc biofortification can improve rice production and increase zinc content in rice, supporting stunting prevention.
Downloads
References
Adams, E., & Shin, R. (2014). Transport signaling and homeostasis of potassium and sodium in plants. Journal of Integrative Plant Biology, 56, 231-249. https://doi.org/10.1111/jipb.12159
Ahmed, N., Hussain, H.Z., Ali, M.A., Rahi, A.A., Saleem, M., & Ahmad, F. (2022). Effect of zinc on chlorophyll contents, gas exchange attributes and zinc concentration in rice. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 54(1), 17–24. https://doi.org/10.30848/PJB2022-1(14)
Alloway, B.J. (2008). Zinc in Soils and Crop Nutrition. International Zinc Association (IZA) and International Fertilizer Industry Association (IFIA), Brussels, Belgium and Paris, France.
Asiah, A., Yogisutanti, G., & Purnawan, A.I. (2020). Asupan mikronutrien dan riwayat penyakit infeksi pada balita stunting di UPTD Puskesmas Limbangan Kecamatan Sukaraja Kabupaten Sukabumi. Journal of Nutrition College, 9(1), 6–11. https://doi.org/10.14710/jnc.v9i1.24647
Badan Meteorologi, Klimatologi, dan Geofisika [BMKG]. (2023). Buletin Pemantauan Musiman Indonesia: Q3 (Juli-September) 2023. Jakarta.
Badan Pangan Nasional. (2023). Statistik Konsumsi Pangan Tahun 2023. Kementerian Pertanian Indonesia, Jakarta.
Barman, H., Das, S., & Roy, A. (2018). Zinc in soil environment for plant health and management strategy. Universal Journal of Agricultural Research, 6(5), 149-154. https://doi.org/10.13189/ujar.2018.060501
Boonchuay, P., Cakmak, I., Rerkasem, B., & Prom-U-Thai, C. (2013). Effect of different foliar zinc application at different growth stages on seed zinc concentration and its impact on seedling vigor in rice. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 59(2), 180–188. https://doi.org/10.1080/00380768.2013.763382
Broadley, M.R., White, P.J., Hammond, J.P., Zelko, I., & Lux, A. (2007). Zinc in plants. New Phytologist, 173(4), 677–702. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2007.01996.x
Cakmak, I. (2000). Possible roles of zinc in protecting plant cells from damage by reactive oxygen species (Tansley Review No. 111). New Phytologist, 146(2), 185–205. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-8137.2000.00630.x
Das, S., Avasthe, R., Singh, S., Dutta, S., & Roy, A. (2018). Zinc in plant-soil system and management strategy. Agrica, 7(1), article #4. https://doi.org/10.5958/2394-448X.2018.00001.9
Direktorat Perbenihan, Kementerian Pertanian. (2023). Deskripsi Varietas Unggul Baru Padi. Dinas Pertanian dan Ketahanan Pangan DIY (Gebyar Perbenihan Tanaman Pangan 2023).
Hafeez, B., Khanif, Y.M., & Saleem, M. (2013). Role of zinc in plant nutrition: A review. Asian Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 3(2), 374–391. https://doi.org/10.9734/AJEA/2013/2746
Hamam, M., Pujiasmanto, B., & Supriyono. (2017). Peningkatan hasil padi (Oryza sativa L.) dan kadar zink dalam beras melalui aplikasi zink sulfat heptahidrat. Jurnal Agronomi Indonesia, 45(3), 243–248. https://doi.org/10.24831/jai.v45i3.12287
Huang, J., Chai, Y., Yang, S., Cao, Y., Yang, L., Wang, M., Meng, X., & Guo, S. (2025). Integrated innovation and application of green high-yield and high-efficiency technologies of rice in China. Frontiers of Agricultural Science and Engineering, 12(3), 530–544. https://journal.hep.com.cn/fase/EN/10.15302/J-FASE-2025636
Joshi, Y. R., Lamichhane, S. K., Paudel, A., Aryal, M., & Adhikari, S. (2023). Effect of different methods of zinc application on the performance of spring rice (Hardinath-1) in Banke, Nepal. Russian Journal of Agricultural and Socio-Economic Sciences (RJOAS), 2(134), 151–158. https://doi.org/10.18551/rjoas.2023-02.17
Khan, M.W., Rab, A., Ali, R., Sajid, M., Khan, M.N., Ali, A., Khan, M.A., Pervez, W., & Amin, F. (2018). Improving growth and yield of potato through potassium and zinc fertilization. Pure and Applied Biology, 7(3), 992–997. http://dx.doi.org/10.19045/bspab.2018.700117
Kumar, S., Sarangthem, I., Devi, N.S., Devi, K.N., & Singh, N.G. (2022). Effect of zinc nutrition on economic productivity of rice (Oryza sativa) and soil biological properties. The Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 92(3), 420-423. https://doi.org/10.56093/ijas.v92i3.122732
Linquist, B. (2020). Optimal and Critical Nutrient Concentrations in Rice Tissue (Fact Sheet). University of California, Agriculture and Natural Resources — UCCE Rice Specialist & Farm Advisors.
Lu, Z., Lu, J., Pan, Y., Lu, P., Li, X., Cong, R., & Ren, T. (2016). Anatomical variation of mesophyll conductance under potassium deficiency has a vital role in determining leaf photosynthesis. Plant, Cell & Environment, 39(11), 2428-2439. https://doi.org/10.1111/pce.12795
Marschner, P. (Ed.). (2012). Marschner’s Mineral Nutrition of Higher Plants (3rd ed.). Academic Press, Amsterdam. https://doi.org/10.1016/C2009-0-63043-9
Molenda, M., Kolmas, J. (2023). The role of zinc in bone tissue health and regeneration – A review. Biological Trace Element Research, 201, 5640–5651. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-023-03631-1
Pettigrew, W.T. (2008). Potassium influences on yield and quality production for maize wheat soybean and cotton. Physiologia Plantarum, 133(4), 670-681. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.2008.01073.x
Rengel, Z., & Damon, P.M. (2008). Crops and genotypes differ in efficiency of potassium uptake and use. Physiologia Plantarum, 133(4), 624-636. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.2008.01079.x
Rawat, J., Pandey, N., & Saxena, J. (2022). Role of potassium in plant photosynthesis, transport, growth and yield. In N. Iqbal & S. Umar (Eds.), Role of Potassium in Abiotic Stress. Springer Nature Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-4461-0_1
Rehman, H., Aziz, T., Farooq, M., Wakeel, A., & Rengel, Z. (2012). Zinc nutrition in rice production systems: a review. Plant and Soil, 361, 203-226. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-012-1346-9
Saikh, R., Murmu, K., Sarkar, A., Mondal, R., & Jana, K. (2022). Effect of foliar zinc application on growth and yield of rice (Oryza sativa) in the Indo-Gangetic Plains of India. Nusantara Bioscience, 14(2), 182–187. https://doi.org/10.13057/ nusbiosci/n140208
Salem, E.M.M., Kenawey, M.K.M., Saudy, H.S., & Hafez, E.M. (2022). Influence of silicon forms on nutrients accumulation and grain yield of wheat under water deficit conditions. Gesunde Pflanzen, 74, 539–548. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10343-022-00629-y
Suganya, A., Saravanan, A., & Manivannan, N. (2020). Role of zinc nutrition for increasing zinc availability, uptake, yield, and quality of maize (Zea mays L.) grains: An overview. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 51(16), 2001–2021. https://doi.org/10.1080/00103624.2020.1820030
UNICEF Indonesia. (2022). Menuju Masa Depan Indonesia Bebas Masalah Kekurangan Gizi. UNICEF Indonesia.
Winarso, S. (2005). Kesuburan Tanah, Dasar Kesehatan dan Kualitas Tanah. Gava Media, Yogyakarta.
White, P.J. (2013). Improving potassium acquisition and utilisation by crop plants. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, 176(3), 305-316. https://doi.org/10.1002/jpln.201200121
Zorb, C., Senbayram, M., & Peiter, E. (2014). Potassium in agriculture-status and perspectives. Journal of Plant Physiology, 171(9), 656-669. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jplph.2013.08.008
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
