Life Cycle Assessment and Life Cycle Cost Analysis of Small Scale Tempeh Industries
Abstract
The high activity of tempeh production has the potential to produce greenhouse gas emissions and liquid waste that impact the environment, as well as incur high operational costs. This study focuses on three tempeh MSMEs (Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises), namely Tempe Pratama, Tempe Murni AMR, and Tempe Sumber Mas. Environmental impact analysis and life cycle costs were conducted using the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and Life Cycle Cost (LCC) methods. The LCA method is used to evaluate environmental impacts, while the LCC method is used to calculate the total production costs over five years. The results of the LCA analysis show that Tempe Pratama has the highest environmental impact per kg of raw material, with a GWP value of 1.02387 Kg CO₂-eq, especially in the boiling process using firewood. The results of the LCC analysis show that operational costs are the largest component of total production costs, and the highest NPC results for 5 years were obtained in Tempe Sumber Mas at IDR. 7,492/Kg. The simultaneous application of LCA and LCC provides a comprehensive picture of the efficiency and sustainability of tempeh production. Recommendations for improvements including the use of more environmentally friendly fuels to reduce environmental impacts and long-term costs for tempeh industry.
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