Development and Validation of an ESP32-Based Multi-Sensor System for Precision Smart Greenhouse Monitoring
Abstract
Smart greenhouse system has become one of the main technologies in precision agriculture due to its ability to control environmental parameters that influence plant growth. This study aims to perform calibration and validation of a multi-sensor system based on ESP32, which will be integrated into a smart greenhouse automation system. The sensors included DHT22 for air temperature and humidity, an analog TDS sensor for nutrient concentration, and a resistive soil moisture sensor (V1.2) for soil humidity. The testing was conducted in a real greenhouse environment with statistical parameters such as MAPE, RMSE, and R² were used as the basis for evaluating sensor accuracy. Results showed that the DHT22 sensor produced MAPE, RMSE, and R² of respectively 2.75%, 1.08%, and 0.989 for air temperature, and 6.53%, 4.80%, and 0.997 for air humidity. The TDS sensor showed a MAPE of 0.267%, RMSE of 2.760%, and R² of 0.875 in AB Mix solution of approximately 1000 ppm. The integrated ESP32 system operated reliably in three modes—manual, semi-automatic, and automatic—with a response time of less than two seconds. These findings confirm the potential application of multi-sensor systems in smart agriculture and highlight the importance of calibration to achieve reliability in modern greenhouse operations.
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