The Enhancement of Growth, Photosynthetic Rate, Yield, and Physiological Seed Quality of Several Soybean Varieties (Glycine max L.) through ZnSO₄ Application
Abstract
Soybean (Glycine max L.) productivity and physiological seed quality are influenced by micronutrient availability and genotype. This study evaluated Zn application through seed priming and foliar spraying on growth, photosynthetic rate, yield, and physiological seed quality of Deja 1, Detap 1, and Grobogan. A strip-plot design with three replications was used. Treatments were water priming (P0), 0.5% Zn priming (P1), Zn priming + vegetative foliar spray (P2), Zn priming + generative foliar spray (P3), and Zn priming + vegetative and generative foliar sprays (P4). Data were analyzed by ANOVA followed by LSD at 5%. Zn application significantly affected photosynthetic rate; P1 and P2 reached 27.9 and 28.3 µmol CO₂ m⁻² s⁻¹, respectively, compared with 20.5 in P0. Significant Zn × variety interactions occurred for plant height, leaf number, pod number, seed number, 100-seed weight, seed weight per plant, and normal seedling percentage after accelerated aging. Deja 1-P4 produced 120.27 pods, 247.87 seeds, and 34.58 g seed weight per plant, while Detap 1-P4 and Grobogan-P4 had 84% normal seedlings after aging. These results indicate genotype-dependent responses to Zn and improved physiological vigor indicators following preharvest Zn application.
Downloads
References
Ardian, A., Deviona, D., & Nathisa, D. (2024). Pengujian beberapa varietas kedelai (Glycine max L.) pada kondisi cekaman kekeringan. Jurnal Pertanian Agros, 26(1), 5245–5262.
Badan Pangan Nasional. (2024). Kepala NFA Arief Prasetyo Adi tegaskan ketersediaan dan stabilitas kedelai butuh sinergi stakeholder. Badan Pangan Nasional. https://badanpangan.go.id/blog/post/kepala-nfa-arief-prasetyo-adi-tegaskan-ketersediaan-dan-stabilitas-kedelai-butuh-sinergi-stakeholder
Balitkabi (Balai Penelitian Tanaman Aneka Kacang dan Umbi). (2018). Deskripsi Varietas Unggul Aneka Kacang dan Umbi 2017–2018. Balai Penelitian Tanaman Aneka Kacang dan Umbi, Malang.
Bhardwaj, A.K., Chejara, S., Malik, K., Kumar, R., Kumar, A., & Yadav, R.K. (2022). Agronomic biofortification of food crops: An emerging opportunity for global food and nutritional security. Frontiers in Plant Science, 13, 1055278. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.1055278
Dhaliwal, S.S., Sharma, V., Shukla, A.K., Kaur, J., Verma, V., Kaur, M., Singh, P., Kaur, L., Verma, G., Singh, J., Gaber, A., & Hossain, A. (2022). Biofortification of soybean (Glycine max L.) through FeSO₄·7H₂O to enhance yield, iron nutrition and economic outcomes in sandy loam soils of India. Agriculture, 12(5), 586. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12050586
Dimkpa, C.O., Singh, U., Bindraban, P.S., Adisa, I.O., Elmer, W.H., Gardea-Torresdey, J.L., & White, J.C. (2019). Addition-omission of zinc, copper, and boron nano and bulk oxide particles demonstrate element and size-specific response of soybean to micronutrients exposure. Science of the Total Environment, 665, 606–616. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.142
Dola, D.B., & Mannan, M.A. (2022). Foliar application effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles on growth, yield and drought tolerance of soybean. Bangladesh Agronomy Journal, 25(2), 73–82. https://doi.org/10.3329/baj.v25i2.65940
Donia, D.T., & Carbone, M. (2023). Seed priming with zinc oxide nanoparticles to enhance crop tolerance to environmental stresses. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 24(24), 17612. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms242417612
Han, Ş., Sönmez, İ., Qureshi, M., Güden, B., Gangurde, S. S., & Yol, E. (2024). The effects of foliar amino acid and Zn applications on agronomic traits and Zn biofortification in soybean (Glycine max L.). Frontiers in Plant Science, 15, 1382397. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2024.1382397
Kumar, S., Palve, A., Joshi, C., Srivastava, R.K., & Rukhsar. (2019). Crop biofortification for iron (Fe), zinc (Zn) and vitamin A with transgenic approaches. Heliyon, 5(6), e01914. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01914
Li, M., Liu, Y., Wang, C., Yang, X., Li, D., Zhang, X., Xu, C., Zhang, Y., Li, W., & Zhao, L. (2020). Identification of traits contributing to high and stable yields in different soybean varieties across three Chinese latitudes. Frontiers in Plant Science, 10, 1642. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2019.01642
Morais, K.L., Cantão, V.C.G., de Oliveira, A.M., de Sousa Neta, A., Guilherme, L.R.G., Duarte, W.T.F., & dos Santos, E.Z. (2025). Foliar fertilization with zinc in reproductive stages of soybean cultivars for grain biofortification. Scientia Agricola, 82, e20240191. https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-992X-2024-0191
Moreira, A., Moraes, L.A.C., & dos Reis, A.R. (2018). The molecular genetics of zinc uptake and utilization efficiency in crop plants. In M.A. Hossain, T. Kamiya, D.J. Burritt, L.-S. P. Tran, & T. Fujiwara (Eds.), Plant micronutrient use efficiency: Molecular and genomic perspectives in crop plants (pp. 87–108). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-812104-7.00006-X
Ochoa-Chaparro, E.H., Patiño-Cruz, J.J., Anchondo-Páez, J.C., Pérez-Álvarez, S., Chávez-Mendoza, C., Castruita-Esparza, L.U., Muñoz-Márquez, E., & Sánchez, E. (2025). Seed nanopriming with ZnO and SiO₂ enhances germination, seedling vigor, and antioxidant defense under drought stress. Plants, 14(11), 1726. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14111726
Pramono, E., Hadi, M.S., & Kamal, M. (2020). Viabilitas benih kedelai (Glycine max [L.] Merril) sejalan dengan penyimpanan alamiah dan pengusangan cepat dengan etanol. Jurnal Agrotropika, 19(1), 43–56. https://doi.org/10.23960/ja.v19i1.4329
Prom-u-thai, C., Rerkasem, B., Yazici, A., & Cakmak, I. (2012). Zinc priming promotes seed germination and seedling vigor of rice. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, 175(3), 482–488. https://doi.org/10.1002/jpln.201100332
Rasyid, H. (2012). Model pendugaan daya simpan benih kedelai (Glycine max [L.] Merrill) biji besar dengan pengusangan cepat sebagai teknologi penentu mutu benih. Jurnal Gamma, 7(2), 34–52.
Saleem, M.H., Usman, K., Rizwan, M., Al Jabri, H., & Alsafran, M. (2022). Functions and strategies for enhancing zinc availability in plants for sustainable agriculture. Frontiers in Plant Science, 13, 1033092. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.1033092
Sentimenla, S., Singh, A.K., & Merasenla, M. (2022). Effect of zinc sources on nutrient content and uptake in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merril] under the acidic soil conditions of Nagaland. Legume Research, 45(4), 502–506. https://doi.org/10.18805/LR-4815
Singh, A., Singh, N.B., Afzal, S., Singh, T., & Hussain, I. (2018). Zinc oxide nanoparticles: A review of their biological synthesis, antimicrobial activity, uptake, translocation and biotransformation in plants. Journal of Materials Science, 53(1), 185–201. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-017-1544-1
Tuiwong, P., Lordkaew, S., Veeradittakit, J., Jamjod, S., & Prom-u-thai, C. (2022). Seed priming and foliar application with nitrogen and zinc improve seedling growth, yield, and zinc accumulation in rice. Agriculture, 12(2), 144. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12020144
Yadav, S.L., Rai, H.K., Yadav, I.R., Kumar, A., & Choudhary, M. (2021). Effect of zinc application strategies on growth and yield of soybean in central India. International Journal of Plant & Soil Science, 33(24), 490–497. https://doi.org/10.9734/ijpss/2021/v33i2430804
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
ARTICLE TEMPLATE 
