Surface Carbon Sequestration Rate of Coffee Agroforestry System in Bukit Riki Besar, South Bengkulu
Abstract
The expansion of coffee plantations in hilly areas has the potential to affect carbon storage; however, research on the influence of slope gradient on the carbon sequestration rate of coffee agroforestry systems remains very limited. This study aimed to determine the surface carbon sequestration rate across different slope classes in the coffee agroforestry system of Bukit Riki Besar, South Bengkulu. Sampling was carried out across four slope classes (flat, 0–8%; gentle, 8–15%; moderately steep, 15–25%; steep, 25–45%) using purposive sampling with 20 × 20 m plots. The biomass of shade trees, coffee plants, and litter was calculated using allometric equations, while soil carbon was measured based on sampling depth and bulk density. The results showed that the highest tree biomass occurred on gentle slopes (12.04 ton ha⁻¹ year⁻¹), whereas the highest soil carbon stock and carbon sequestration rate were found on steep slopes, at 213.54 and 35.59 ton C ha⁻¹ year⁻¹, respectively. In conclusion, slope gradient is a determining factor in carbon distribution within coffee agroforestry systems; land management should therefore take topographic characteristics into account in order to optimize carbon storage.
Downloads
References
Akhir, J., Rizaka, F.W., Dahlan, D., Arlita, T., & Basri, H. (2025). Peran agroforestri kopi arabika dalam penyerapan karbon di Perhutanan Sosial Desa Kekuyang, Aceh Tengah. Journal of Tropical Silviculture, 16(3), 208–217. https://doi.org/10.29244/j-siltrop.16.03.208-217
Anitha, K., Verchot, L.V., Joseph, S., Herold, M., Manuri, S., & Avitabile, V. (2015). A review of forest and tree plantation biomass equations in Indonesia. Annals of Forest Science, 72, 981–997. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13595-015-0507-4
Belay, A., Assen, M., & Abegaz, A. (2025). Soil quality dynamics in response to land-use management types and slope positions in northeastern highlands of Ethiopia. Environmental and Sustainability Indicators, 26, 100641. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indic.2025.100641
Berhanu, Y., Dalle, G., Sintayehu, D.W., Kelboro, G., Nigussie, A., & Gitima, G. (2025). Carbon stock dynamics in Sheka forest biosphere reserve, Ethiopia: A 60-year trajectory (1990–2050) and its implications for ecosystem services and conservation. Scientific African, 30, e03104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sciaf.2025.e03104
BPS (Badan Pusat Statistik). (2024). Statistik Kopi Indonesia 2023 (Vol. 8). Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta.
BSN (Badan Standardisasi Nasional). (2019). Pengukuran dan penghitungan cadangan karbon – Pengukuran lapangan untuk penaksiran cadangan karbon berbasis lahan (land-based carbon accounting) (SNI 7724:2019).
BSN (Badan Standarisasi Nasional). (2011). Pengukuran dan penghitungan cadangan karbon – Pengukuran lapangan untuk penaksiran cadangan karbon hutan (ground based forest carbon accounting) (SNI 7724:2011).
Choudhary, B., Dhar, V., & Pawase, A.S. (2024). Blue carbon and the role of mangroves in carbon sequestration: Its mechanisms, estimation, human impacts and conservation strategies for economic incentives. Journal of Sea Research, 199, 102504. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seares.2024.102504
Cremaschi, M., Regattieri, E., Zanchetta, G., Isola, I., Hellstrom, J.C., & Zerboni, A. (2026). Karst record of Holocene climate and human-induced changes in surface processes in the northern Apennines of Italy. CATENA, 264, 108781. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2026.108781
Drupadi, T.A., Ariyanto, D.P., & Sudadi. (2021). Pendugaan kadar biomassa dan karbon tersimpan pada berbagai kemiringan dan tutupan lahan di KHDTK Gunung Bromo UNS. Jurnal Agrikultura, 32(2), 112–119. https://doi.org/10.24198/agrikultura.v32i2.32344
Egli, M., den Boer, A., Rowley, M.C., Tikhomirov, D., Mohammadi, M., & Raimondi, S. (2026). Soil redistribution, weathering and soil organic carbon dynamics in a Mediterranean landscape. CATENA, 262, 108669. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena. 2025.109781
Fitriani, Arifin, B., Zakaria, W.A., Ismono, H., & Hilmanto, R. (2018). Coffee agroforestry performance in Pulau Panggung sub-district, Tanggamus, Lampung, Indonesia. Pelita Perkebunan, 34(2), 69–79.
Gadermaier, J., Vospernik, S., Grabner, M., Wächter, E., Keßler, D., Kessler, M., Lehner, F., Klebinder, K., & Katzensteiner, K. (2024). Soil water storage capacity and soil nutrients drive tree ring growth of six European tree species across a steep environmental gradient. Forest Ecology and Management, 554, 121689. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2023.121689
George, N.J., & Bassey, N.E. (2026). Geoelectric and hydro-geochemical assessments of waterlogging and drainage for soil and agronomic groundwater evaluation at Akwa Ibom State University: Field and laboratory data mining approaches. Geosystems and Geoenvironment, 5(1), 100464. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geogeo.2025.100464
IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). (2019). Climate change and land: An IPCC special report on climate change, desertification, land degradation, sustainable land management, food security, and greenhouse gas fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
Jahreis, G., Sree, K.S., Dawczynski, C., & Appenroth, K.J. (2026). Water lentil rich in nutrients and bioactive components - A powerful group of vegetables for humanity's future plant-based diet. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 170, 105600. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2026.105600
Jiang, X.J., Wang, H., Zakari, S., Zhu, X., Singh, A.K., Lin, Y., Liu, W., Liu, J., & Chen, C. (2023). Assessing the impact of forest conversion to plantations on soil degradation and forest water conservation in the humid tropical region of Southeast Asia: Implications for forest restoration. Geoderma, 440, 116712. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2023.116712
Kaushal, R., Subbulakshmi, V., Tomar, J.M.S., Alam, N.M., Jayaparkash, J., Mehta, H., & Chaturvedi, O.P. (2016). Predictive models for biomass and carbon stock estimation in male bamboo (Dendrocalamus strictus L.) in Doon valley, India. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 36(6), 313–319. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chnaes.2016.07.003
Kušková, K., Kutlvašr, J., Stanek, M., Nyssen, B., Perglová, I., Starfinger, U., Vanhellemont, M., & Pergl, J. (2026). Biological flora of central europe Prunus serotina in Europe: A comprehensive review of ecology, impacts and management of an invasive tree. Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics, 70, 125866. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ppees.2026.125866
Lestari, K.W., & Dewi, N. (2023). Potensi simpanan karbon pada beberapa tipe agroforestri berbasis kopi robusta di Desa Rowosari, Jember. Jurnal Silvikultur Tropika, 14(2), 150–157. https://doi.org/10.29244/j-siltrop.14.02.150-157
Manfarizah, M., Karim, A., Basri, H., & Muyassir. (2025). Analysis of land characteristics and erosion impact on Gayo Arabica coffee production. Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering, 12, 101258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscee.2025.101258
Nasiro, K. (2024). The benefits of agroforestry coffee production systems: A review. World Journal of Food Science and Technology, 8(4), 86–105. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wjfst.20240804.13
Panwar, P., Mahalingappa, D.G., Kaushal, R., Bhardwaj, D.R., Chakravarty, S., Shukla, G., Thakur, N.S., Chavan, S.B., Pal, S., Nayak, B.G., Srinivasaiah, H.T., Dharmaraj, R., Veerabhadraswamy, N., Apshahana, K., Suresh, C.P., Kumar, D., Sharma, P., Kakade, V., Nagaraja, M.S., & Singh, M. (2022). Biomass production and carbon sequestration potential of different agroforestry systems in India: A critical review. Forests, 13(8), 1274. https://doi.org/10.3390/f13081274
Parwito, P., Susilo, E., Fransisko, E., & Sari, V. N. (2024). Optimising coffee cultivation on slopes: The effect of topography on crop productivity. AGROKOPIS: Jurnal Pertanian, 1(1), 33–40.
Peplau, T., Liebmann, P., Fiencke, C., Undeutsch, S., Knoblauch, C., Dultz, S., Hildebrandt, A., Kutzbach, L., Elberling, B., Schnee, L.S., Melchert, J.O., Rethemeyer, J., Mikutta, C., & Guggenberger, G. (2025). Soil development, mineralogy and organic matter stocks in a West Greenlandic tundra landscape. CATENA, 261, 108849. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2025.108849
Pramulya, R., Asy’Ari, R., Pudjawati, N.H., Madinu, A.M.A., Rahmawati, A.D., Fachruddin, F., Aulia, M.R., Dahlan, D., Tarmizi, T., Fakhruddin, F., Novita, E., Sutrisno, A., Rahmah, D.M., Zulfajrin, M., Pulunggono, H.B., Yuliasmara, F., Sari, R.R., Saputra, D.D., & Setiawan, Y. (2026). Quantifying tree species effects on soil organic carbon using machine learning algorithm: A case study in tropical agroforestry system of gayo coffee, Indonesia. Trees, Forests and People, 23, 101098. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tfp.2025.101098
Timilsina, S., Byriel, D.B., Le Boursicaud, N., Barsotti, D., Rosas, Y.M., Zimmermann, A.K., Riis-Nielsen, T., Schmidt, I.K., Vesterdal, L., Gundersen, P., Manlay, R.J., & Kepfer-Rojas, S. (2026). Passive versus active afforestation of agricultural land: Two decades of impacts on tree biomass and ecosystem carbon storage. Forest Ecology and Management, 617, 123932. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2026.123932
Udomkun, P., Rupngam, T., Müller, J., Boonupara, T., & Kaewlom, P. (2026). Effects of plant-waste–derived biochars on soil properties, biochemical composition, and sensory quality of water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica Forsk.). Journal of Agriculture and Food Research, 25, 102550. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafr.2025.102550
van Noordwijk, M., Rahayu, S., Hairiah, K., Wulan, Y.C., Farida, A., & Verbist, B. (2002). Carbon stock assessment for a forest-to-coffee conversion landscape in Sumber-Jaya (Lampung, Indonesia): From allometric equations to land use change analysis. Science in China Series C Life Sciences, 45(Supp), 76-86.
Veramendi, N.S., Romero-Chavez, L.E., Huerto Pajuelo, E.S., Ibarra Porras, C.d.C., Cunyas-Camayo, J.M., Pardave, U.A., Vallejos-Torres, G., & Acosta, R.S. (2025). Carbon storage in coffee agroforestry systems: Role of native and introduced shade trees in the Central Peruvian Amazon. Agriculture, 15(13), 1415. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15131415
Wei, F., Wang, L., Jia, L., & Huang, Y. (2025). Global patterns and determinants of erosion-induced soil carbon translocation. Geography and Sustainability, 6(5), 100249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geosus.2025.100249
Zulfikar, Z., Munawarah, M., & Susanti, A. (2022). Combination of high order kernel estimators for estimation of fruit trees biomass on critical land. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2157, 012035. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2157/1/012035
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
ARTICLE TEMPLATE 
