Evaluation of the sunscreen effectiveness of sunscreen formulations containing avocado seed ethanol extract as the active ingredient

Abstract

Avocado seeds (Persea americana Mill.) contain antioxidant compounds such as phenolics and flavonoids that can neutralize free radicals and absorb ultraviolet (UV) radiation, making them potential natural active ingredients in sunscreen formulations. This research aimed to determine the optimal concentration of ethanol extract of avocado seeds in relation to its inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀), the improvement of the sun protection factor (SPF), and the sunscreen characteristics that meet the quality standards of SNI 16–4339–1996 for sunscreen products. A completely randomized design (CRD) was used with four concentrations of extract (0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75%, and 1%) and four replications. The observed parameters included pH, viscosity, SPF, spreadability, homogeneity, antioxidant activity (IC₅₀), and sensory attributes (aroma, color, and texture). Data were analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and followed by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at the 5% level. Increasing the concentration of ethanol extract of avocado seeds significantly increased antioxidant activity, SPF, and spreadability, while decreasing pH and viscosity. The best treatment was 0.75% concentration of avocado seed ethanol extract, with a pH of 6.77, viscosity of 2869.48 cP, SPF of 15.21 (maximum category), spreadability of 6.53 cm, and IC₅₀ of 45.71 ppm (very strong antioxidant). This formulation complied with the Indonesian National Standard (SNI 16–4339–1996), exhibited good physical stability, and was preferred by panelists in terms of aroma, color, and texture.